【正文】
? Usually can’t exercise the option for several years (called the vesting period). 期權(quán)擁有者通常在幾年內(nèi)(稱為授予期或等待期)不能行使該權(quán)利。 ? Two causes: 兩個(gè)原因: ? Antitakeover provisions in the charter 公司章程中的反接管條款 ? Weak board of directors 董事會軟弱 How are entrenched managers harmful to shareholders? 難以觸動的經(jīng)理人員如何損害股東的利益? ? Management consumes perks: 管理層享受額外待遇: ? Lavish offices and corporate jets 豪華的辦公室和企業(yè)公務(wù)飛機(jī) ? Excessively large staffs 龐大、臃腫的員工隊(duì)伍 ? Memberships at country clubs 鄉(xiāng)村俱樂部的成員資格 ? Management accepts projects (or acquisitions) to make firm larger, even if MVA goes down. 管理層接受某些項(xiàng)目(或收購某些項(xiàng)目),使得公司規(guī)模越來越大,即使市場增加價(jià)值 MVA越來越低。 ? Division A has high profitability (OP=6%) but high capital requirements (CR=78%). A部門具有較高的獲利能力( 營業(yè)獲利能力 OP=6% ),但占用資金也較多(資金需要量 CR比重 = 78% ) ? Division B has low profitability (OP=4%) but low capital requirements (CR=27%). B部門的獲利能力較低( 營業(yè)獲利能力 OP=4% ),但占用資金也較少(資金需要量 CR比重 = 27% ) What is the impact on MVA if growth goes from 5% to 6%? 如果銷售增長率由 5%變?yōu)?6%,會對市場增加值 MVA產(chǎn)生什么影響? Division A ( A部門) Division B( B部門) OP 營業(yè)獲利能力 6% 6% 4% 4% CR 資金需要量 78% 78% 27% 27% Growth 增長率 5% 6% 5% 6% MVA 市場增加值 () () Note: MVA is calculated using the formula on slide 1227. 注: 市場增加值 MVA的計(jì)算采用幻燈片 1227上的公式。 Expected Return on Invested Capital (EROIC) 投入資金的期望收益 ? The expected return on invested capital is the NOPAT expected next period divided by the amount of capital that is currently invested: 投入資金的期望收益是指下一時(shí)期的期望稅后凈營業(yè)利潤( NOPAT) 除以本期投入資金的數(shù)量所得到的值。 ????????????????)g1(CRWA CCOPImprovements in MVA due to the Value Drivers 由于價(jià)值驅(qū)動因素而使市場增加價(jià)值得到的改善 ? MVA will improve if: 如果發(fā)生以下情況, MVA將得到改善 ?WACC is reduced 加權(quán)平均資金成本降低 ?operating profitability (OP) increases 營業(yè)獲利能力提高 ?the capital requirement (CR) decreases 資金需要量減少 The Impact of Growth 銷售增長的影響 ? The second term in brackets can be either positive or negative, depending on the relative size of profitability, capital requirements, and required return by investors. 括弧中第二個(gè)值既可能是正值,也可能是負(fù)值,這取決于營業(yè)獲利能力、資金需要量和投資人要求的收益的相對大小。 Horizon Value (Cont.) 水平價(jià)值(續(xù)) ? Growth is constant after the horizon (3 years), so we can modify the constant growth formula to find the value of all free cash flows beyond the horizon, discounted back to the horizon. 在預(yù)測范圍( 3年)以后,增長率為固定值,所以我們可以對固定增長公式進(jìn)行調(diào)整以計(jì)算預(yù)測時(shí)間段以外的所有自由現(xiàn)金流量價(jià)值,并折現(xiàn)到預(yù)測時(shí)間段以內(nèi)。 Data for Valuation 評估數(shù)據(jù) ? FCF0 ( 上年自由現(xiàn)金流量) = $20 million(百萬 ) ? WACC ( 加權(quán)平均資金成本) = 10% ? g ( 年股利增長率) = 5% ? Marketable securities ( 有價(jià)證券) = $100 million(百萬 ) ? Debt ( 負(fù)債) = $200 million(百萬 ) ?