【正文】 四月 21四月 21Friday, April 02, 2023 閱讀 一切好 書 如同和 過 去最杰出的人 談話 。 02 四月 202310:18:42 下午 22:18:42四月 211楚塞三湘接， 荊門 九派通。 22:18:4222:18:4222:184/2/2023 10:18:42 PM1成功就是日復(fù)一日那一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)小小努力的 積 累。 四月 2110:18 下午 四月 2122:18April 02, 20231行 動 出成果，工作出 財 富。 四月 2122:18:4222:18Apr2102Apr211故人江海 別 ，幾度隔山川。s life span.Growth PatternGrowth Patternsl The child’s pattern of growth is in a headtotoe direction, or cephalocaudal, and in an inward to outward pattern called proximodistal.Why developmental assessment?l Early detection of deviation in child’s pattern of developmentl Simple and time efficient mechanism to ensure adequate surveillance of developmental progressl Domains assessed: cognitive, motor, language, social / behavioral and adaptiveGross Motor Skillsl The acquisition of gross motor skill precedes the development of fine motor skills.l Both processes occur in a cephalocaudal fashion?Head control preceding arm and hand control?Followed by leg and foot control.Gross Motor Developmentl Newborn: barely able to lift headl 6 months: easily lifts head, chest and upper abdomen and can bear weight on armsHead Control Newborn Age 6 monthsSitting upl 2months old: needs assistancel 6 months old: can sit alone in the tripod positionl 8 months old: can sit without support and engage in playSitting UpAge 2 months Age 8 monthsAmbulationl 9 month old: crawll 1 year: stand independently from a crawl positionl 13 month old: walk and toddle quicklyl 15 month old: can runAmbulation13 month oldNine to 12monthsFine Motor Infantl Newborn has very little control. Objects will be involuntarily grasped and dropped without notice.l 6 month old: palmar grasp – uses entire hand to pick up an objectl 9 month old: pincer grasp – can grasp small objects using thumb and forefingerSpeech Milestonesl 12 months: coosl 26 months: laughs and squealsl 89 months babbles: mama/dada as soundsl 1012 months: “mama/dada specific l 1820 months: 20 to 30 words – 50% understood by strangersl 2224 months: two word sentences, 50 words, 75% understood by strangersl 3036 months: almost all speech understood by strangersHearingl BAER hearing test done at birthl Ability to hear correlates with ability enunciate words properlyl Always ask about history of otitis media – ear infection, placement of PET – tubes in earl Early referral to MD to assess for possible fluid in ears (effusion) l Repeat hearing screening testl Speech therapist as neededFine Motor Development6monthold12montholdRed Flags in infant developmentl Unable to sit alone by age 9 monthsl Unable to transfer objects from hand to hand by age 1 yearl Abnormal pincer grip or grasp by age 15 monthsl Unable to walk alone by 18 monthsl Failure to speak recognizable words by 2 years.Fine Motor toddlerl 1 year old: transfer objects from hand to handl 2 year old: can hold a crayon and color vertical strokes?Turn the page of a book?Build a tower of six blocks Fine Motor – Older Toddlerl 3 year old: copy a circle and a cross – build using small blocksl 4 year old: use scissors, color within the bordersl 5 year old: write some letters and draw a person with body partsToddlerAdele Piliterri, Child Health Nursing, LippincottToddlerSafety bees a problem asthe toddler bees moremobile.Pilliterri, LippincottToddlersIssues in parenting toddlersl Stranger anxiety – should dissipate by age 2 189。 moral realism。 sensorymotor。 decentre。 assimilate。audienceorhow? interpersonalpleteagilityprovidevariationsunderstand ? strongs own bodily movements. l This intelligence challenges the popular belief that mental and physical activity are unrelated. l The ability to use your body skillfully to solve problems, create products or present ideas and emotions. l An ability obviously displayed for athletic pursuits, dancing, acting, artistically, or in building and construction. l You can include surgeons in this category but many people who are physically talented–good with their hands–don39。inintelligencedomainsGardnernotsolveimagesmanipulateones life The culmination is a sense of oneself as one is and of feeling fulfilled. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Human DevelopmentAutonomy vs. Shame/Doubt Trust vs. MistrustInitiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Role Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Ego Integrity vs. Despair Generativity vs. Stagnation Critique of Erik Eriksonl Supporters of this Eriksonian theory, suggest that those best equipped to resolve the crisis of early adulthood are those who have most successfully resolved the crisis of adolescence.l On the other hand, Erikson39。局限：由于這種研究在環(huán)境上的開放性，因而很難對有些無關(guān)變量進(jìn)行很理想的控制，樣本的代表性也不易控制在具體的研究中，究竟采用實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)還是采用現(xiàn)場實(shí)驗(yàn)，要根據(jù)研究的具體目的來決定：對那些不易受場景影響，又需要對其過程進(jìn)行嚴(yán)密控制的心理過程，用實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)的方式比較好；對于兒童的某些社會行為的研究應(yīng)用現(xiàn)場實(shí)驗(yàn)法更合適。局限：與兒童的實(shí)際生活相脫節(jié)，使兒童的表現(xiàn)易帶上非自然性色彩。（一）實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)：是在專門的實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)，利用專門的儀器和設(shè)備，對兒童的心理發(fā)展所進(jìn)行的研究，關(guān)于兒童的各種認(rèn)知能力，如感覺、知覺、已憶、思維等心理過程多用實(shí)驗(yàn)室方法進(jìn)行。如中國比內(nèi)測驗(yàn)、韋克斯勒智力量表、瑞文測驗(yàn)，卡特爾 16項人格因素量表。如果不當(dāng)，會達(dá)不到預(yù)期效果，對被試有書面語能力的要求。訪談法在兒童心理學(xué)研究中具有重要意義和作用。復(fù)演說有其正確的一面，因?yàn)槲覀冊趥€體心理發(fā)展的過程中確實(shí)看到了一些返祖現(xiàn)象。l 胎兒在胎內(nèi)的發(fā)展復(fù)演了動物的進(jìn)化過程。狹義發(fā)展心理學(xué) 即 個體發(fā)展心理學(xué) ，是關(guān)于人的個體從受精卵開始到出生、成熟、直至衰老的生命全程中心理發(fā)生、發(fā)展特點(diǎn)和規(guī)律的科學(xué)。這個女孩和她的小弟弟相比，身體線條看上去更像大人。l 零歲出場亮相 十歲天天向上 二十遠(yuǎn)大理想 三十到處吃香 四十奮發(fā)圖強(qiáng) 五十開始走樣 六十衣錦還鄉(xiāng) 七十打打麻將 八十曬曬太陽 ,九十躺在床上 ,一百歲肯定掛在墻上。我的世界 ：l 人若有 100歲的境界， 80歲的胸懷，l 60歲的智慧， 40歲的意志， 20歲的激情，加上兩三歲的童心，該有多好?。。?！全書內(nèi)容概要l 第一章 緒論l 第二章 兒童發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)l 第三章 兒童感知覺和注意的發(fā)展l 第四章 兒童記憶的發(fā)展l 第五章 兒童想象、思維的發(fā)展l 第六章 兒童言語的發(fā)展l 第七章 兒童情緒的發(fā)展l 第八章 兒童社會性的發(fā)展l 第九章 兒童個性的發(fā)展l 第十章 兒童道德的發(fā)展l 第十一章 兒童發(fā)展的認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究第一章 緒論l 第一節(jié) 兒童發(fā)展概述l 第二節(jié) 兒童發(fā)展研究的歷史和現(xiàn)狀l 第三節(jié) 兒童發(fā)展研究方法第一節(jié) 兒童發(fā)展概述兒童期涵蓋的年齡范圍兒童發(fā)展的年齡范圍l 是個體從不成熟 ?成熟這一成長階段，是個體生命發(fā)展的重要組成部分。兒童發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)l 發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)性l 發(fā)展的遞進(jìn)性