【正文】 ii. English Affirmative Converted into Chinese NegativeSuch cases are also found in a relatively wide range of expressions, in which what is affirmative in form in English means something negative in Chinese.Example 39:They keep their thoughts and feelings to themselves.他們的思想和感情不外露。III. Conversion from the Stative into the DynamicChinese tends to use verbs in the case of activity. On the contrary, English is more prone to employ more nouns, especially abstract nouns, prepositions, adjectives, gerunds and some other means to replace verbs and express the meaning of action. Broadly speaking, nouns can be characterized naturally as “stative” in that they refer to entities that are regarded as stable, whether these are concrete or abstract. At the opposite pole, verbs can be equally naturally characterized as “dynamic”: they are fitted to indicate action, activity and temporary or changing conditions. (Quirk 48)Actually, this section can be regarded as another examination over the contents of the first section in chapter one, which analyzes the conversion from other English word classes into Chinese verbs. Another representative example is given here.Example 35:The originality of these buildings lies in the application of advanced building techniques.這些建筑的創(chuàng)新之處在于使用了先進(jìn)的建筑技術(shù)。v. Converting Impersonal Subjects into Chinese “Extraposition Elements”In Chinese, sometimes, two words or phrases which mean the same are put apart in two places, with one as the sentence position and the other outside the sentence, and the outside one is often a pronoun called extraposition. Nevertheless, this phenomenon is not frequently seen in English. Therefore, some elements of English sentences are usually converted into the extraposition in Chinese, as is shown in the following example.Example 33:The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement reached at Helsinki has earned them the condemnation of freedomloving people everywhere.他們違反在赫爾辛基達(dá)成的協(xié)議，在國內(nèi)侵犯基本人權(quán)，這已受到各地?zé)釔圩杂傻娜藗兊淖l責(zé)。這情景，直到現(xiàn)在還印在我的腦海里。 therefore, converting English impersonal subjects into Chinese personal or other subjects is necessary in the EC translation. Example 27:Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.我興奮地什么話也說不出來。Here, the sentence construction of the rendered version is different from that of the original, but it conveys the exact meaning in English.ii. English Adverbial Converted into Chinese Attribute Certain prepositional phrases, mostly adverbials of place and time, serve as adverbials in the form, but they are actually connected closely with certain nouns. Such adverbials may be converted into attributes in Chinese. Here is an illustrative example.Example 24:Throughout the world, oil consumption is growing rapidly.全世界的石油消耗量正在迅速增長。ii. English Object Converted into Chinese PredicateIn certain cases, an English verb can not be translated into the corresponding Chinese verb, while the English object conveys the meaning of action, such object or the object together with the verb may usually be converted into the predicate in Chinese. Here is an illustrative example.Example 21:Physical changes do not result in formation of new substances, nor do they involve a change in position.物理變化不會形成新的物質(zhì)，也不會改變物質(zhì)的成分。iii. English Predicative Converted into Chinese Subject In English, the predicative, especially the nominal one, may be in line with the subject in terms of content. Therefore, when rendered into Chinese, such kind of English predicative is often changed into the subject in the target language so that the translation coherence is ensured or the importance of the predicative is effectively stressed. Here is an example to illustrate this point.Example 19:Two widely used alloys of copper are brass and bronze.黃銅和青銅是兩種廣泛使用的銅合金。A few adjectives which modify or emphasize some nouns, if translated into Chinese, are always converted into adverbs, although this conversion is not caused by the result of conversion from English nouns into Chinese verbs. Illustrative examples are as follows:Example 15:Your story about the frog turning into a prince is sheer nonsense.你的青蛙變成王子的故事完全是胡說。Some abstract nouns, preceded by an indefinite article, are also usually converted into adjectives in translation for a more appropriate and natural effect. There is an example below.Example 11:The gardenparty is a great success.那個園會真是圓滿極了。ii. Converting English Adjective into Chinese NounSometimes English adjectives are also converted into Chinese nouns for the smoothness of translation. The following is one example:Example 7:Everyday experience shows us that ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats.日常經(jīng)驗告訴我們，冰的密度比水小，因而能浮在水面上。iv. Converting English Adverb into Chinese VerbSome English adverbs, which have an implied meaning of verbs, if necessary, are often converted into Chinese verbs. The following example illustrates this point.Example 4:They found Mr. Bennett still up.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)班納特先生還沒有睡覺。Specifically, an English noun which possesses the property of a verb or was derived from a verb is often converted into a verb when translated into Chinese. Here is an example to illustrate this point. Example 1:The use of bacteriological weapons is a clear violation of the international law.使用細(xì)菌武器顯然違反國際法。每個文獻(xiàn)須在文末參考書目中出現(xiàn)。B. A. Thesis of Shandong University of Finance and Economics論轉(zhuǎn)換法在英漢翻譯中的應(yīng)用畢業(yè)論文CONTENTSAcknowledgements…………………………………………………iiAbstract………………………………………………………….…iiiAbstract in Chinese………………………………………………ivIntroduction…………………………………………………………1Chapter One Conversion of Word Classes…………...…………3I. Conversion into Chinese Verbs…………………………………3II. Conversion into Chinese Nouns………………………………5III. Conversion into Chinese Adjectives…………………………6IV. Conversion into Chinese Adverbs……………………………7Chapter Two Conversion of Sentence Components…...………..9I. Conversion into Chinese Subjects………………………………9II. Conversio