【正文】 如： If bears are in danger ,they attack people. if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，if 和條件句位置靈活，可直接放在主句后面，若 if 條件句放句首， 從句后面要加逗號(hào)，和主句隔開(kāi)。 條件句表可能，主句多用將來(lái)時(shí)； 條件句表事實(shí)，主句常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。4．if從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)If you heat ice it turns to water. (也可用will turn)如果把冰加熱，它就會(huì)化成水。 二、if 條件句的常見(jiàn)時(shí)態(tài)搭配1．if從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí) If he runs he’ll get there in time. 如果他用跑的，他就會(huì)及時(shí)趕到那兒。如： If you ask him，he will help you．如果你請(qǐng)他幫忙，他會(huì)幫你的。__________________________________________________________________5. The monster let the little girl clean the cave.172。1. The teacher told him not to waste time on playing puter games.172。動(dòng)詞make/buy//get用for。 歌訣是：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞變動(dòng)，情態(tài)加be加“過(guò)分”。 (3)把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)放在介詞by之后作賓語(yǔ)，將主格改為賓格。 Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小時(shí)睡眠必須得到保證。(不知道電腦是誰(shuí)偷的) This book was published in ?，F(xiàn)以eat為例說(shuō)明被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的構(gòu)成。不及物動(dòng)詞本身沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：English is spoken by many 。巧記為：主動(dòng)、主動(dòng)、主去動(dòng)。，在句中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)為“祈使句”時(shí)沒(méi)有連接詞。 （去掉：Do, Does, Did當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是“一般疑問(wèn)句”時(shí)。2. 間接引語(yǔ)部分均為陳述語(yǔ)序。 間接引語(yǔ)：用自己的話應(yīng)用別人的話，不用引號(hào)。應(yīng)選C。如： 　　He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office.例題解析：1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijing.　　A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went　　C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone　解析：他去北京之前在上大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)了4年 。（“等”的動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在） — John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。此時(shí)多與 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時(shí)間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。t seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的主要用法　 1. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。如： 　　When I got to the station, the train had already left. 　　After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 　　注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，是指過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o39。如：When will you finish these letters? 你什么時(shí)候會(huì)處理完這些信件？When shall I be expecting you this evening? 今天晚上我?guī)c(diǎn)等你？五、過(guò)去完成時(shí)一、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 概念：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去（ pastinthepast ）”。我現(xiàn)在就告訴她。如：She won’t be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow. 明天8點(diǎn)她不在辦公室開(kāi)會(huì)。ll be studying Unit 4.這周學(xué)生們學(xué)第三單元，下周他們將學(xué)第四單元。 (表結(jié)果)You will be making a mistake. 你會(huì)出錯(cuò)的。 例如：Please e tomorrow afternoon, Tomorrow morning I39。ll be having classes then.二、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 ①將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法 : 表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 is C. will be。He ________ very busy this week, he ________ free next week.A. will be。 will be　B. shall 。es　 B. will he e。如果明天下雨，足球賽將被推遲舉行。ifwillto，而常用will（第一人稱用shall）。(2) 物作主語(yǔ)時(shí)表示目前有跡象表明將要發(fā)生某事，“有……的趨勢(shì)（如天氣變化）”。如：Go straight on and you’ll see a church. You won’t miss it. 直走你就會(huì)看到一座教堂，你不會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)的。(2) 表示在說(shuō)話時(shí)決定要去做某事。1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week.2. _____ he ____ (finish) his work today? Not yet.3. My father ____ just ____ (e) back from work. He is tired now.4. Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999.6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here ? For two weeks.8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework. you ______ (find) your science book yet? 10. I39。 have finished Ｄ. will 。 finished Ｂ. Have 。 study　?。? has 。 good　　Ｃ. has changed 。clock.5. India has been an independent country ______1974.6. The bus is late. They39。 . livelivedlived , (3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，將 y 變?yōu)?i ，再加“ ed ”。注意：1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等。* 以ever和never為標(biāo)志　This is the best film I have ever seen.　這是我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)的最好的一部電影。s birthday last Friday.10. We all ______ (have) a good time last night.11. He ________ (jump) high on last Sports Day. 二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一．句型：Eg: I have finished my homework. He hasn’t watered the flowers. Have they watched the film? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.二．用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果　Eg. I have spent all of my money (so far).(含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒(méi)有錢(qián)花了.) 　　 Jim has (just/already) e. (含義：吉姆現(xiàn)在在這兒)My father has gone to work.(含義是:我爸爸現(xiàn)在不在這兒) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作（用行為動(dòng)詞表示）或狀態(tài)（be動(dòng)詞表示）常與for（+時(shí)間段）,since（+時(shí)間點(diǎn)或過(guò)去時(shí)的句子）連用. 　?、賔or+時(shí)段　?、趕ince+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（譯為：自從……以來(lái)）　?、踫ince+時(shí)段+ago　　④since+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）　?、軮t is+時(shí)段+since+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）　. Mary has been ill for three days. 　　 I have lived here since 1998. 　三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志　　　 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的含義之一是過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響,用以下四大標(biāo)志詞可以表達(dá)這種含義: * 以already, just和yet為標(biāo)志 　He has already got her help.　他已得到她的幫助。t．) 是的，她們?cè)?。例如：Were you at home the day before yesterday﹖ 前天你在家嗎？ Was she late this morning﹖今天早上她遲到了嗎？更巧的是疑問(wèn)句的答語(yǔ)也相似，肯定回答用“Yes, 主語(yǔ)＋was／were．”； 否定回答用“No,主語(yǔ)＋wasn39。t) at home last Sunday． 上周日我父母不在家。t ＋ 表語(yǔ) ＋ 其他。t, weren39。 He was at school last Tuesday． 上周二他在學(xué)校。一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，恰巧與表示過(guò)去的一些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式是在動(dòng)詞原形后加上ed構(gòu)成。t tell me about you. 　　Did you go home yesterday?　　Yes, I did. 　 No, I didn39。t a teacher three years ago.Were you ill yesterday? Were they once your classmates？ Yes, I was. No, I wasn39。In the past few years she usually went touring during her summer holidays.在過(guò)去的幾年里，每逢暑假她總是出去旅游。1. 表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：yesterday, last week, three days ago, in 1998,just now等，或與由when引導(dǎo)的從句連用。2. 也可以表示過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)句子結(jié)構(gòu)1． Be 動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)在沒(méi)有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的句子中使用be動(dòng)詞， am is 的過(guò)去式為was。t.Who were your best friends in your primary school?2. 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)　肯定句要使用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式，否定句和疑問(wèn)句要使用助動(dòng)詞do和 does 的過(guò)去式 did. 如：I went home at nine o39。t. 　　When did you finish your homework last night/the day before yesterday? 3. 助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式如下：　　shall―should（將要）用于第一人稱單數(shù) 　will―would（將要）用于所有人稱　　can― could（能，會(huì)） may―might（可以） must―must （必須） have to―had to（不得不）　　助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)要使用他們的過(guò)去式，后面的動(dòng)詞還使用原形。這類動(dòng)詞稱為規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。【二巧】形式巧。