【正文】 Certificate of deposit is a certificate from a bank stating that the named party has a specified 3 .management contract。44. The members of an economic union are required not only to harmonize their taxation,govern ment expenditure,industry policies,etc. ,but also use the same currency.45. 在知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)不力的國(guó)家，最好不要采用國(guó)際許可經(jīng)營(yíng)。最后，即使一個(gè)國(guó)家可以以合理的成本生產(chǎn)足夠的產(chǎn)品滿(mǎn)足本國(guó)的需要，它仍可能為了革新或調(diào)劑品種而從別的國(guó)家進(jìn)口一些。首先，沒(méi)有一個(gè)國(guó)家能生產(chǎn)它所需要的全部產(chǎn)品。除非原信用證有明確規(guī)定，第二受益人不可以再轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。46. Technology,capital and ready markets are sort of benefits MNEs bring to lessdeveloped host countries．全真模擬演練（二）40. The transferable credit is designed to meet the requirements of international trade. It enables a middleman who is receiving payment from a buyer under a documentary credit to transfer his claim under that credit to his own supplier. In this way he can carry out transactions with only a limited outlay of his own funds. A transferable credit may only be transferred once. The second beneficiary may not further transfer it unless there is an express provision to this effect in the original credit. This limit on transferability is intended to prevent abuse.41. International trade is the exchange of goods between nations. It took place for many first is that no nation has all of the modities that it needs. Countries that lack some resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Second,a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs and has to import some to satisfy its require what it needs from those countries that have a parative advantage in the desired items. Finally, even though a country can produce enough of an item at reasonable costs to meet its own demand,it may still import some from other countries for innovation or variety of style.40. 可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證是為適合國(guó)際貿(mào)易的需要而設(shè)計(jì)的。 is a risk transfer mechanism,by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.43. 根據(jù)商品性質(zhì)及各國(guó)具體規(guī)定不同，可能需要各種證書(shū)。因?yàn)樾畔⒃皆敿?xì)就越有可能減少違反最大誠(chéng)信原則，因此，最好是提供充分的信息而不要只局限于提供最低限度的情況。這是可以理解的，但可能釀成嚴(yán)重后果。3. The Board’s main mittees examine modities. Manufactures, invisibles and financing related to trade, transfer of technology and economic cooperation among lessdeveloped countries.4．為了促進(jìn)較不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的工業(yè)化進(jìn)程，西方國(guó)家必須向新興國(guó)家的制造業(yè)產(chǎn)品開(kāi)放市場(chǎng)，甚至給其產(chǎn)品以比工業(yè)化國(guó)家更多的優(yōu)惠。2. The WTO is a fullfledged permanent international organization whose verdict is binding on all its members,while the GATT is only an interim secretariat without a fully defined institutional structure and with little enforcement power.，人世的利與弊曾經(jīng)是熱門(mén)話題。2. The primary capital raising is supported long the quality of the ISE ’s secondary capital market that offers investors a place to trade those securities.3． 其中令人印象深刻的是交易所的交易場(chǎng)地，在這里經(jīng)紀(jì)人和證券商互相交易各種證券。1. Foreign direct investment is the major form of international investment,whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.2． 獲得自然資源是企業(yè)進(jìn)行對(duì)外直接投資的另一重要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)。3. It was recognized that each member country would be subject to different pressures at different times. The pressures could be caused by political or economic events or trends and could render the par values( currency exchange rates) .Lesson 18 International Financial Organizations1． 世界銀行力圖通過(guò)自己的工作加強(qiáng)借款國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)，使借款國(guó)能夠擺脫對(duì)世界銀行貸款的依賴(lài)，并在他們能夠承受的條件下，直接通過(guò)正常的資金來(lái)源去滿(mǎn)足他們的資金需要。2. The insurance pany will not entertain the claim if the risk covered is not the proximate cause of the loss.3．在貨物保險(xiǎn)中，如果我們了解使用的銷(xiāo)售條款，就知道在任何特定的時(shí)間誰(shuí)擁有對(duì)貨物的權(quán)益。1. The main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items. 2． 貨物保險(xiǎn)通常有火險(xiǎn)、海上保險(xiǎn)和意外事故保險(xiǎn)。2. Transportation is fundamental to the development and operation of an industrial society.3． 許多商業(yè)領(lǐng)域已充分發(fā)展，這意味著不會(huì)頻繁地進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品革新。同海運(yùn)相比，空運(yùn)的明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)在于其運(yùn)輸速度快，空運(yùn)的另一個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)——更加安全，降低了空運(yùn)的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)，因?yàn)樨浳锉煌蹈`或受損的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)更小。1. the date when the bill of lading is issued can by no means be later than that stipulated in the credit.2． 保險(xiǎn)單和保險(xiǎn)證書(shū)的作用是相似的，它們之間的唯一差別就是后者比前者更簡(jiǎn)單一些。運(yùn)往國(guó)外的貨物在運(yùn)輸?shù)拿恳浑A段都應(yīng)保險(xiǎn)以防中途受損或丟失。1. Although a confirmed credit is able to provide the greatest degree of security to the beneficiary, it involves additional cost as a result of the confirmation.2． 即期信用證給予受益人更好的付款保障，并有助于他加快資金周轉(zhuǎn)。1., The objective of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the credit worthi ness of the bank.2． 只有在符合信用證所規(guī)定條款的情況下，才保證向受益人付款。4. In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled,because of the use of money and the market.Lesson 10 International Payment1． 許多國(guó)際交易是通過(guò)匯票支付的，匯票是對(duì)銀行或顧客的支付命令。5. It is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counteroffer is made.Lesson 9 Modes of Trade1． 對(duì)銷(xiāo)貿(mào)易是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中一種特殊的貿(mào)易方式，常常與有關(guān)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策目標(biāo)緊密相連，如應(yīng)對(duì)外匯短缺和擴(kuò)大出口之類(lèi)的問(wèn)題。 seller has changed his mind and refused to make an offer.3．一般來(lái)說(shuō)，買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方要簽署書(shū)面合同作為達(dá)成協(xié)議的憑證和執(zhí)行該協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)。在今天的世界上，幾乎任何人，不論他住在哪兒，都會(huì)直接或間接地受到銀行的影響。3. If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some monly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely.Lesson 8 The Business ContractThe economy of the world has grown beyond the boundaries of countries. Banks play a central role in regulating and encouraging trade between nations. A great deal of international trade is done on trust or rather,it would be more accurate to say that the trust of the parties involved is placed in the banking system. Some international banks have grown huge,offering their services even in remote corners of the world. There is hardly a person in the world today ,no matter where he lives,who is not affected directly or indirectly by banking. And if he stops to think,most of its effects are beneficial.世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展已超出了國(guó)界。4. Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most mon form of nontariff barriers.5． 現(xiàn)實(shí)中各國(guó)所進(jìn)行的貿(mào)易是多種多樣的，也是復(fù)雜的，經(jīng)常是有形貿(mào)易和無(wú)形貿(mào)的混合。3. Trade to exploit parative advantage promotes efficiency among countries.lesson 6 International Trade (Ⅱ)1．