【正文】 爽快的；活躍的，有生氣的，干凈利落的。crisp biscuit松脆的餅干The student gave a clear, crisp answer to the teacher39。s 。invalid ，缺乏證據的；無效的，作廢的。作名詞時，表示病弱者，傷殘者，久病者。Your ideas about the first humans are interesting but ，但是缺乏證據。A bad car accident made him an 。boundary, border, frontier, rim, verge 這幾個名詞都有”邊界“的意思。boundary ；界線。多指作為界線的標識物等。The fence marks the boundary between my land and 。border ，邊界，多指兩國或兩地之間的分界處附近的邊緣地區(qū)、邊界地帶；也可以指物體的邊緣等。We crossed the Mexican bordersintosthe 。frontier ，邊境，邊疆，指靠近邊界(boundary)的區(qū)域；也可引申為”未開發(fā)的領域“，”(學術的)前沿“等。The American West was still a frontier a century 。She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of 。rim ，邊緣，尤指圓形或近似圓形的物體的邊緣。verge n.(道路、花壇等長著草的)邊緣，引申為”某事即將發(fā)生之際“。on the verge of war戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)之際brief, concise, curt, succinct 這一組形容詞都有”簡短的“意思。brief ，簡短的，指時間短暫，辦事利索，態(tài)度明了等；有時含有”雖短但卻不失全面“的意味。The manager made a brief statement to open the 。concise a.(文字等的)簡要、精練，常含有保留主要部分的意思。His letter was concise, omitting everything not pertinent to the ，省略掉了所有與該項工作無關的部分。curt ，簡短的，常含有”草率“的意思。He asked his boss a question, but got a curt reply , ”I have no time for you now!“他問老板一個問題，但是老板草率的說：”我沒時間搭理你?！?succinct ，簡潔的，簡練的，尤指用詞簡練，除含有concise的意思外，還有經過壓縮的或簡化的意思。succinct summary of the argument論點的概要bush, shrub, jungle 這一組詞均與樹木有關。bush 。shrub ，灌木叢。jungle 。certify, rectify, testify, verify 這是一組形近易混詞。certify ，聲稱是真的。He certified it was his wife39。s 。rectify ，糾正；整頓。He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its 。testify v.(在法庭上)宣誓作證；表明。He is the only person who can testify in this case, because the other witnesses were killed ，他成為這件案例中唯一可以作證的人。verify v.(用事實)證實或核實。I verified the store39。s address by calling to check ，以核實商店的地址。pel, constrain, force, oblige 這一組動詞都有”強迫“的意思。pel ，迫使，常表示運用權利、力量迫使對方做某事；有時也表示”別無辦法，不得不做“。His illness pelled him to stay in 。constrain ，強迫，與pel意思相近，但更多強調內心情感(如道德、憐憫等)的強迫和限制作用，一般用于正式的場合。As an artist he didn39。t consider himself constrained by the same rules of social conduct as other ，不必象一般人那樣要受到社會行為準則的約束。force ，迫使，暴力威脅的意味較濃，常用于被動語態(tài)。The thief forced her to hand over the 。oblige v.(因法律、習俗等)強迫，迫使，常常用于被動。We are obliged to stop the car at a red 。plaint, disorder 這兩個詞都有”疾病“的意思。plaint (主要指病人去看病時向醫(yī)生描述的病癥，既可以是小病、慢性病，也可以是傳染性疾病)；抱怨，埋怨，不滿。a heart plaint心臟病disorder n.(精神或肉體的)疾病(著重于身心、機能的失調、不平衡)；騷亂，**；混亂，雜亂。a disorder of the digestive system消化系統疾病plement, supplement，append 這三個名詞都有”補充“的意思。plement ，補充物，主要指補充不足使之完美。Rice makes an excellent plement to a curry 。supplement ，補充，補貼，主要指另外補加，增補。One year after we made our report, we had to add a supplement to cover new ，必須增補一個包含新事件的附加部分。append ，添上或補充某事物(尤指文字)。The lawyer appended two more pages to the 。ponent, element, factor, ingredient 這一組名詞都有”組成成分“的意思。ponent ；(某事物的)組成部分；成分。Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are ponent of a ，引擎，車身以及坐椅都是一輛汽車的零部件。element ；組成部分，方面；某特定類型的人或群體，分子。The elements hydrogen and oxygen bine to form 。He belongs to a bad element in this 。factor ，要素，側重指原因。Endurance is an important factor in success in 。ingredient ，成分，要素。Flour, milk, butter and yeast are some ingredients in 、牛奶、黃油和酵母是做面包的一些原料。prise, pose, consist, constitute, include 這一組動詞都有”組成，包含“的意思。prise ，包括，由……組成(整體)；組成，構成。Our pany39。s product line prises 2,500 different ,500個不同的組成部分構成的。pose (整體)，組成；由……組成(后接of，常用于被動語態(tài))；創(chuàng)作(作曲、詩歌等)。The mittee was posed mainly of teachers and 。consist ，構成,由……組成(后接of，常用于主動語態(tài))；(后接in)在于，存在于。The problem consists of two 。The beauty of the plan consists in its 。constitute ，組成(整體)。Crime and illegal drugs constitute the city39。s major 。include ，包含，把……列入。The conference delegates included representatives from 。concentrate, focus 這兩個動詞都有”集中“的意思。concentrate ，集中精力(后接on，賓語可以是具體或抽象的東西)；濃縮，壓縮。During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the ，同學們集中精力回答問題。focus (于某事物)；將(注意力等)集中于……(后接on，賓語一般不是具體的東西)。Please focus your minds on the following 。confinement, limitation, restraint 這一組名詞都有”限制，局限“的意思。confinement ，囚禁(于某地或某種境地)。The prisoner was sentenced to three months39。 solitary 。limitation ，局限；(能力的)缺點，弱點。That employee has limitations on what work he can 。restraint ，抑制；約束措施。Even though the mother was very angry, she acted with restraint and didn39。t yell at her ，她仍克制自己沒有向孩子大吼。considerable, considerate 這是一對形近易混的形容詞。considerable ，相當多的；值得考慮的。That family owns a considerable amount of 。considerate ，體貼的，后面常跟of結構。He is always considerate of others。he is kind and ，他很慈善并且富有同情心。conserve, preserve, reserve 這是一組形近易混詞，且都有”保存“的意思。conserve ，保藏，保護(強調節(jié)約)。In winter, some people conserve energy by lowing the heat at ，為節(jié)約能源有些人在夜里把暖氣調小。preserve ；維持；保養(yǎng)；防止(食物)腐敗(強調使不受破壞)。The government preserves the rights of the individual 。reserve ，儲備(強調為某一特殊目的)；訂(座位)，預定。We are reserving these seats for my 。continual, continuous, constant, incessant 這一組形容詞都有”不斷的，不停的“的意思。continual ；頻繁的。表示時斷時續(xù)的發(fā)生。That dog39。s barking is a continual ，真是煩死人了。continuous ，連續(xù)不斷的，強調中間不停頓。Our homes and offices need a continuous supply of 。constant ，經常的，強調始終如一地經常出現。Everything in the universe is in constant 。incessant ，持續(xù)不斷的，強調令人厭煩地重復出現，中間有可能有停頓。Incessant noise makes me appreciate 。convert, invert, revert, transform 這一組動詞都有”轉變“的意思。convert ，變換，含有”使某人改變觀點“的意思。He wants to convert to 。invert ，使倒轉，使反向。常常表示位置、順序、方向等的顛倒。The baby inverted the cup and spilled her orange ，弄灑了里面的橙汁。revert ，恢復原狀。指回到原來的狀態(tài)或情形。John gave his brother a house, and when his brother died，ownership reverted back to ，當他的哥哥去世后，房子的所有權重新歸于約翰。transform ，轉變，指形狀、顏色、大小、性質等的改變。A little paint will soon transform the old 。credible, credulous, plausible 這一組形容詞都有”可信的“意思。credible ，可靠的。That the student told the teacher a credible story that she missed classes because she was ，她沒來上課是因為她病了。credulous ，易于相信的。She was credulous when she listened to the salesman and bought the car for too much ，竟然聽信那個銷售員的話以高價買了那輛車。plausible (可信的)。常帶有懷疑的意思。Even though it is a plausible explanation, I am not pletely ，但仍不可能使我完全相信。decline, refuse, reject, deny 這組動詞都有”拒絕“的意思。decline ，謝絕，相當于refuse politely，主要用于拒絕有關社交活動的邀請或要求幫助的請求，后接名詞或動詞不定式，主語只能是