【正文】 t for this outfit?” But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most women is , the multibilliondollar beauty industry, plete with its own aisle in the grocery store, is devoted to constant warfare on female selfesteem, convincing women that they must buy all the newest moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to “stimulate and restore” their once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio had all these middleaged women apply clay masks and other “wrinkleremoving” products to their faces。she stressed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect the women dutifully did this, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefully they applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawford39。s face or ？這種長(zhǎng)期的不安全感并不是與生倶來的，而是由許多復(fù)雜的心理和社會(huì)因素的相互作用造成的，從小時(shí)候大人們給她們買洋娃娃時(shí)就開始了。女孩成長(zhǎng)過程中擺弄的洋娃娃，如果按照身材比例還原為真人大小的話，就會(huì)是 7 英尺高，61 英磅重，大腿纖細(xì)，上身豐滿。要達(dá)到這樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是很荒唐的，尤其是當(dāng)我們想想那種洋娃娃的腰圍尺寸，就知道其相對(duì)尺寸對(duì)任何一個(gè)活人來說都是不可企及的。與女孩玩具的這種荒唐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比，小男孩們得到的“動(dòng)作玩偶”卻是完全不同的模樣。大多數(shù)男孩的玩具都樣貌古怪，例如那個(gè)叫作“蜜蜂俠”的玩偶，一半像人，一半像會(huì)飛的昆蟲。這個(gè)玩偶盡管樣子不好看，但仍然非常自信。你肯定無法想象他會(huì)問別人說：“這個(gè)配飾的紫羅蘭色和這件外套配不配呢？”然而，女性在成長(zhǎng)過程中卻認(rèn)為自己應(yīng)該長(zhǎng)得像芭比娃娃或雜志的封面女郎那樣，這對(duì)大多數(shù)女性來說是不可能的。盡管如此，產(chǎn)值達(dá)幾十億美元的美容業(yè)，在超市化妝品銷售專區(qū)的配合下，總是在不停地攻擊著女性的自尊，使其相信自己只有購買最新的保濕面霜、古銅散粉，以及各種美容器具，才能“激發(fā)和恢復(fù)”肌膚活力。我曾經(jīng)看過一期《奧普拉脫口秀》，在節(jié)目中，超級(jí)名模辛迪?克勞馥和演播室里的觀眾分享了自己的化妝秘訣。辛迪要求這些中年婦女在臉上敷上黏土面膜和其他去皺產(chǎn)品；她還強(qiáng)調(diào)一定要遵守這些方法，例如：往臉上涂抹這些產(chǎn)品時(shí)，要用指尖，這樣可以保護(hù)皮膚的彈性。所有這些婦女都非常忠實(shí)地按照辛迪說的做了。可是對(duì)任何一個(gè)理智的旁觀者來說，無論她們?nèi)绾握J(rèn)真地使用這些產(chǎn)品，她們都不可能擁有辛迪那樣的面容或膚色。I39。m not saying that men are 39。m just saying that you39。re not going to get a group of middleaged men to plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like don39。t face the same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and they39。re encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their might say to Brad: “Oh yeah? Well, what do you know about lawn care, pretty boy?” Of course women argue that they bee obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure from truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, “She had gorgeous fingernails!” To most men, little things like fingernails are all homogeneous anyway, and one woman39。s flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as another39。s bare participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their is the real benefit of working this hard to appease men who don39。t notice when it only exposes women to prosecution from other women? Anyway, to get back to my original point: If you39。re a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you can39。t say she looks bad without receiving immediate and welldeserved you also can39。t shower her with empty pliments about how her shoes plement her dress nicely because she39。ll know you39。re has spent countless hours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawford39。,she suspects that you39。re not qualified to voice a subjective opinion on anybody39。s may be because you have shaving cream in your hair and inside the folds of your 。我的意思是你不可能讓一群中年男子在布拉德?皮特的指導(dǎo)下把化妝品敷到自己臉上，期望自己能看起來更像布拉德。與女性不同，男性的外貌美不是社會(huì)所關(guān)注的唯一焦點(diǎn)。人們會(huì)鼓勵(lì)男性借助其他特征來提升自尊。他們也許會(huì)對(duì)布拉德說：“是嗎？那么帥哥，你對(duì)草坪維護(hù)又知道多少？” 當(dāng)然，女性會(huì)爭(zhēng)辯說她們對(duì)外表的熱衷追求是出于對(duì)來自男性的壓力的一種反應(yīng)。而事實(shí)是，大多數(shù)男性認(rèn)為美麗不僅僅來自于口紅和香水，而且他們也不會(huì)去注意這些額外的細(xì)節(jié)。四十多年來，我在聽男性談?wù)撆詴r(shí)，從來沒有一次聽到過哪位男性這樣說：“她的指甲真漂亮??！”對(duì)大多數(shù)男性來說，像指甲這樣小的東西看起來都一樣，無論一個(gè)女士的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂得完美無瑕，還是光光的毫無修飾，男性都一概視而不見。女性參與這種極端的從眾行為，實(shí)際上是把自己置于其他女性的審視之下，因?yàn)橹挥心切┡圆庞匈Y格評(píng)價(jià)她們所付出的努力。但是，如此費(fèi)力地去取悅男性而他們卻根本不會(huì)注意，同時(shí)又只是招致其他女性的指責(zé)，這樣做究竟有什么好處呢？不管怎樣，言歸正傳：如果你是一位男性，當(dāng)有女士問你她看起來怎么樣時(shí)，你千萬不能說她看起來很糟糕，那樣肯定會(huì)使她立刻遷怒于你，這也是你咎由自取。但是，你也不能慷慨地大放空洞之詞，贊美她的鞋子和裙子是多么相配，因?yàn)樗滥闶窃谡f謊。她已經(jīng)花費(fèi)了無數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí)發(fā)愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪?克勞馥的一樣。而且，也許因?yàn)槟愕念^發(fā)和耳廓上粘著剃須膏，她會(huì)懷疑你根本沒有資格對(duì)任何人的外表給出主觀評(píng)價(jià)。Unit 3 Fred Smith and FedEx: The vision that changed the worldEvery night several hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange design touch down at Memphis Airport, in precedes this landing are package pickups from locations all over the United States earlier in the unload the planes39。 cargo of more than half a million parcels and rectangular packages and envelopes are rapidly reshuffled and sorted according to address, then loaded onto other aircraft, and flown to their destinations to be dispersed by handknown originally as Federal Expressstopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effectbiodiversity is after all necessary to the we must remember that not every species is needed to keep that aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to more fundamental the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose the families(with their saws and chopped timber)over the The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are is our ward, not our is to be respected and even when humans have to choose between their own wellbeing and that of nature, nature will have to Humanity should acmodate only when its fate and that of nature are inseparably bound most urgent maneuver must be undertaken when the very integrity of humanity39。s habitat, ., the atmosphere or the essential geology that sustains the core of the earth, is the threat to humanity is lower in the hierarchy of necessity, a more modest acmodation that balances economic against health concerns is in in either case the principle is the same: protect the environmentat after a while, it annoys, as if the only things that people heard one say were what had been filtered through the sieve of social niceties: I39。m so pleased to meet 39。ve heard many wonderful things about remarks are not representative of new ideas, honest emotions, or considered a piece of bread, they are only the crust of the int