【導(dǎo)讀】現(xiàn)象，而且是社會現(xiàn)象和文化現(xiàn)象。委婉語言體現(xiàn)了相應(yīng)的社會文化傳統(tǒng)。本文主要闡述了英語委。以及文化風(fēng)俗，對于提高自身言語交際功能是十分必要的。

　　

【正文】 d relationship with others. The polite functions are especially reflected in the occupations, or trades. It relate with Politeness Principle of Leech[17]. It is obvious that advertisement is aimed at helping businessmen propaganda their goods, for the sake of soliciting customs. As a pleasant way, using euphemisms in advertisements has bee more and more widespread. Now, “secondhand store” has been replaced by “resale store”, “super”, “giant”, “special”, such words, have bee more popular. Moreover, we can often see the same phenomenon about the expressions for classes of cabins. To defend passengers ?honor, “First Class” is changed to “Deluxe Class”, “Second Class” is to “First Class”, “Third Class” to “Business Class”, and “Economic Class” to “Tourist Class”. This function undoubtly plays an active role of improving the progress of society: . The euphemism for the office and trade For example, “mental hospital or mental health center” is a euphemism for “madhouse”。 “mortuary or funeral” is a euphemism of dead house. Some small panies or small enterprises like to use the word “industry”, such as hotel industry, tourist industry, garage industry, women?s beauty industry etc. . The euphemism for occupation In order to promote the social status of the occupation, almost every humble occupation has a sweetsounding name. There are mainly two forms: 1). Compound. That is to choose some sweetsounding occupational names to make up pound or pound phrases. For example, today we can find many occupations in America and Britain named with “engineer”: sanitary (or sanitation) engineer。 building (custodian, dwelling) engineer。 automobile engineer。 dry cleaning engineer, pipe engineer。 heating engineer。 packing engineer。 sales engineer。 housewife→domestic engineer。 the person who is in charge of killing mice and cockroaches→exterminating(extermination) en gineer. There are some other mon titles: automotive repairman→automotive internist。 garden worker→landscape architect。 prison guard→correctional officer。 pestkiller→pest control operator。 butcher→meat technologist. Some humble occupations have many euphemistic names at the same time. For example, people often call “hair stylist” “tonsorial artist”, while people call “female hairdresser” “woman surgeon”。 “undertaker” also has many expressions: bereavement counselor, grief therapist, funeral director, funeral service practitioner. Besides “engineer” housewife also can be called “household executive”, “homemaker”, even “domestic manager”。 “Prostitute” also has many euphemisms, such as pavement princess, working girl, streetwalker, call girl, business girl etc. 2). Derivation. That is to choose some Latin and Greek prefixes whose meanings refer to “a person”, such as “(o) logist”. “mixologist” is a euphemism for “a bar?s waiter”。 dustman for garbologist。 female hairdresser for cosmetologist。 undertaker for mortician。 cobbler for shoetrician。 locksmith for locktician. Some special occupational names have adopted two prefixes. For example cosmetologist and cosmetician both refer to “female hairdresser”. Moreover, Latin prefix “arian” is originally used in religion, but now it is also used in the occupation, such as: bartarian, sanitarian. Another Latin prefix “ian” is also used popularly, such as custodian (entrance guard or dustman). Some people even want to change the native 英語 畢業(yè)論文 viiiprefix “er” to the Latin prefix “or” because they think the foreign prefix is more elegant and sweetsounding, such as weldor, wild animal trainor. . The euphemisms for the aged and weight The age, especially a woman?s age is regarded as a sensitive privacy. And most of the western people are afraid of getting old, so they call “old people” “senior citizens”. ”old age” and “senility” can easily cause the fear of the old people. Some euphemistic expressions take the place of them, such as “getting on (in years), past one?s prime, feeling one?s age, second childhood, a distinguished gentleman, a grande dame, third age”. The old people bee “an elder statesman” or “old age pensioner” or even use initialing “OAP”. They are not “old” but “l(fā)onglived”. Old people?s home, of course, is not an ideal place for old men to live in. There are many euphemistic expressions: a home for adults, a nursing home, a rest home, a private hospital, a convalescent hospital. The old people who live there are called euphemistically “a resident”. In western country, it is very impolite if you talk about someone?s figure and weight without reservation. If someone is “fat”, “overweight” is often used to replace it. “weightwatchers” is also a euphemism for “fat people”. To female, “a fat girl” is called “a fuller figure or plump”。 to male, “fat” is called “stout”。 to child, it is called “chubby”. On the contrary, if someone is too thin, euphemism is also used. To male, it is called “l(fā)ean”, and to female, it is called “slim, slender, willowy or svelte”. . The euphemisms for poverty and unemployment The topic of poverty and unemployment might cause some embarrassment, so people often use euphemism when their talks concern such things. For example, “dismissal” is often called “l(fā)ay off, ease out, get the walking ticket/pink slip”。 “bankruptcy” is called “out of the game”。 “penniless” is called “out of pocket, in reduced circumstances, badly off, needy etc.”。 “the poor people” is called “the havenots, the underprivileged, the disadvantaged”。 even their houses also have a sweetsounding name“substandard housing”. The euphemism for unemployment has many expressions. Most of them are humorous, such as “between jobs”, “between shows”, “to be developing a new project”, “to receive a Mexican raise/ an Irish promotion” (to raise a promotion without raising the salary), “to be selfemployed”. In America “une