【正文】 節(jié)的), which is the study of how speech sounds are produced(2)acoustic phonetics（有關(guān)聲音的）,which deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air(3)auditory phonetics(聽覺的)，which deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the (同化): a phonological process whereby a sound bees phonetically similar to a neighboring sound ,eg: a vowel bees whenfollowed by a ．Phonology(音系學): the study of the abstract systems underlying the sounds of ．Minimal pairs（最小對立體）: a pair of words that differ by only a single sound in the same position, , spill/still and keep/coop Minimal set（最小對立體集）: when a group of words can be differentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme(always in the same position)eg: a minimal set based on the vowel phonemes of English would include feat, fit, fate, fat, fought, foot, and one based on consonants could have big, pig, and ．Syllable（音節(jié)）: these units which are often longer than one should and smaller than a whole , syllables are usually described as consisting of a center which has little or no airflow and which sounds paratively , syllables are defined by the way in which vowels and consonants bine to form various ．Stress(重音): the prominence given to certain sounds in ．Morphology(形態(tài)學)：the study of the structure of ．Root（詞根）: the morpheme that remains when all affixes are strippes from a plex : system from un+system + atic +ally morphemes（派生詞綴）可能會改變詞性: a morpheme that serves to derive a word of one class or meaning from a word of another class or :ment derives the noun from the verb establish。rechanges themeaning of the verb paint to “paint again”.Inflectional morphemes（屈折詞綴）不改變詞性: which are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a (語素變體): a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized, ,es, and all allomorphs of the plural distribution(互補分布):allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in plementary distribution for they never occur in the same : the unaspirated /p/ always occurs after /s/ while the aspirated one always occurs in other of word formation:(1)pounding(合成構(gòu)詞法):words like typewriter, workshop, tractordriver are formed by putting two words free morphemes are bined to form a pound.(2)Derivation（派生構(gòu)詞法）：derivation is done by adding affixes to other words or derivational word consists of at least a free morpheme and a bound example, by adding affixes un, mis,ful,less,ism, we can get words like unhappy, misunderstand, careful, careless.(3)Blending(混成構(gòu)詞法): a process a single new word can also be formed by bining two separate , blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another : the English word brunch is made from breakfast and lunch.(4)Acronym（首字母拼音詞）：some new words are formed from the first letters of a series of are pronounced as single words, as in NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)(句法學): used to refer to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.(1)Immediate constituent analysis(直接成分分析法)： also called IC Analysis, in linguistics, a system of grammatical analysis that divides sentences into successive layers, or constituents, until, in the final layer, each constituent consists of only a word or meaningful part of a word.(A constituent is any word or construction that enters into some larger construction.) the sentence “The old man ran away,” the first division into immediate constituents would be between “the old man” and “ran away.” The immediate constituents of “the old man” are “the” and “old man.” At the next level “old man” is divided into “old” and “man.” It was introduced by the United States linguist Leonard Bloomfield in 1933.(2)Recursion（遞歸性）:the feature of recursion permits a grammar of a finite number of rules to generate an infinite number of example: This is the house that jack built./This is the cat that lived in the house that jack （語義學）： the study of linguistic meaning.(1)Sense(意義)語言之間的關(guān)系：the inherent part of an expression’s meaning which, together with context, determines its is also called : knowing the sense of a noun phrase such as the president of the UnitedStates in 2004 allows one to determine that George is the referent.(2)Reference(指稱，參照)：the relationship between words and the things, actions ,events, and qualities they stand example in English is the relationship between the word tree and the object “tree” in the real 、Pragmatics(語用學)：a branch of linguistics that studies language in use.(1)Anaphora(回指):the process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.(2)Cohesion(銜接): the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elements of a may be the relationship between different sentences or between different parts of a (連貫): :the relationships which link the meanings of utterances in a discourse of the sentences in a 、Iconicity(象似性)：the major types of iconicity in language which have frequently been proposed are those of order, distance, and plexity.(1)Iconicity of order(順序象似性)： refers to the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic of construction.(’s historic words “veni, vidi, vici”I came, I saw, I conquered.)iconicity of order reflects the consistency of language with human cognition and the objective world.(2)Iconicity of distance（距離象似性）：accounts for the fact that things which belong together conceptually tend to be put together linguistically, and things that do not belong together are put at a is, elements which have a close relationship must be placed close together.(3)Iconicity of plexity(復雜象似性):accounts for our tendency toassociate more form with more meaning and, conversely ,less form with less prototype theory（原形理論）：what members of a particular munity think of as the best example of a lexical : For some English speakers “cabbage” might be the prototypical gap(詞匯空缺): the absence of a word in a particular place in a sema