【正文】 ieved/held/acknowledged that....They claim/ believe/argue that...But I wonder/doubt whether...... 如何開頭（二）：現(xiàn)象法引出要剖析的現(xiàn)象或者問題, 然后評(píng)論Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of)...has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of...has been brought into focus.(has been brought to public attention)Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality...is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly. 如何開頭（三）：引用法先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 來引出文章要展開論述的觀點(diǎn)!“Knowledge is power.” such is the remark made by remark has been shared by more and more people.“Education is not plete with graduation.” Such is the opinion of a great American more and more people share his often we hear such statements/words like these /this “.........”In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional plains as this “......”.如何開頭（四）：比較法通過對(duì)過去、現(xiàn)在兩種不同的傾向、觀點(diǎn)的比較 , years,...had been viewed as...But people are taking a fresh look the growing..., people........People used to think that...(In the past,....)But people now share this new.如何結(jié)尾（一）結(jié)論型通過對(duì)文章前面內(nèi)容的討論 , what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that.....In summary/In a word , it is more valuable.......重申變換表達(dá)方式 如何結(jié)尾（二）后果型揭示所討論的問題若不解決, must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of..., if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of.......Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that..will be put in danger.如何結(jié)尾（三）建議型對(duì)所討論的問題提出建議性的意見, it cannot be solved immediately, still there are most popular is....Another method is...Still another one is.....Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.如何結(jié)尾（四）方向型其與建議性的唯一差別就是對(duì)問題解決提出總的, solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate problem should be recognized in a wide is no quick method to the issue of.., but..might be helpful/ great challenge today is......There is much difficulty , but........如何結(jié)尾（五）意義型文章結(jié)尾的時(shí)候,從更高的更新的角度指出所討論的問題的重要性以及其深遠(yuǎn)的意義!Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the will not only benefit but also benefit.....In any case, whether it is positive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly …… 寫作過程中的七原則（1）主題句原則一定要寫一個(gè)主題句，放在文章的開頭（保險(xiǎn)型）或者結(jié)尾，讓讀者一目了然，必會(huì)平安無事！特別提示：隱藏主體句可是要冒險(xiǎn)的！To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主題句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 寫作過程中的七原則（2）長短句原則寫一個(gè)短小精辟的句子有時(shí)可以起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。而且如果我們把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主題：As a creature, I eat。as a man, I one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite ： 長短結(jié)合、錯(cuò)落有致在文章第一段（開頭）用一長一短，且先長后短。2）在文章主體部分，可先用一個(gè)短句解釋主要意思，然后在闡述幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)的時(shí)候采用先短后長的句群形式。文章結(jié)尾一般一長一短。 寫作過程中的七原則（3）多變句式原則1）簡單句、并列句和復(fù)雜句交替使用。 簡單句只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，個(gè)個(gè)成分都是單詞或短語的句子。 并列句包含兩個(gè)或更多互不依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，分句由并列連詞來連接 復(fù)合句的某個(gè)成分，如主語、賓語、表語、同位語、定語、狀語等，由另一個(gè)句子承當(dāng) 寫作過程中的七原則（3）多變句式原則2）插入語使句子有層次感 Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is ）排比句使句子朗朗上口 Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. 寫作過程中的七原則（4）連接詞原則改卷老師一般通過一些關(guān)鍵性的“標(biāo)簽”（連接詞）來判定你的文章是否結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，條理自然。 1)first, second, third, last = firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推薦，俗) 2)most important of all, moreover, finally(一般)(一般) 3)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly 4)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally 5)to start with, next, in addition, finally(強(qiáng)烈推薦)(強(qiáng)烈推薦)(強(qiáng)烈推薦) 6)first and foremost, besides, last but not least 7)on the one hand, on the other hand 8)for one thing, for another thing(適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況)(適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況) 寫作過程中的七原則（5）多下少上原則一定要多用具體的下義詞，少用空洞的上義詞。 我們說很好的時(shí)候，不應(yīng)說nice這樣空洞的詞，應(yīng)用一些諸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warmhearted, hospital之類的形象詞。positive, favorable, rosy（美好的)，promising（有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替換good。 dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill(有害的)替換 bad，但如果bad做表語，可以有be less impressive替換 affair ,business ,matter 替換thing beneficial, rewarding替換helpful 寫作過程中的七原則（6）短語優(yōu)先原則寫作時(shí)，尤其是在考試時(shí)，如果使用短語，有兩個(gè)好處：1）用短語會(huì)使文章增加亮點(diǎn)，如果老師們看到你的文章太簡單，看不到一個(gè)自己不認(rèn)識(shí)的短語，必然會(huì)看你低一等。相反，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)亮點(diǎn)—精彩的短語，那么你的文章定會(huì)得高分了。2）關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻思維短路，只有湊字?jǐn)?shù)，怎么辦？用短語是一個(gè)辦法！ I cannot bear ：I cannot put up with it. be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of 替代 indicate, suggest ,fear bear in mind that 替換remember 寫作過程中的七原則（7）挑戰(zhàn)極限原則在學(xué)生的文章中，很少發(fā)現(xiàn)諸如獨(dú)立主格的句子，其實(shí)獨(dú)立主格很簡單，它就是分詞的一種特殊形式，分詞要求主句的主語和分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)換成完整句子時(shí)的主語一致，而獨(dú)立主格則不然。 The weather(being)fine, a large number of people went to climb the Qinling Mountains. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China. 四級(jí)作文總結(jié) 宏觀：審題1）幾段 2）字?jǐn)?shù)比例 3）每一段幾層 4）每一層要點(diǎn) 中層：句型、邏輯 1）主題句必須攻克（三段）2）學(xué)會(huì)拓展 微觀：詞匯、銜接