【導(dǎo)讀】年代后期和90年代初期都開(kāi)始了一場(chǎng)持續(xù)的公共部門(mén)管理變革運(yùn)動(dòng)。運(yùn)動(dòng)至今仍在很多方面繼續(xù)對(duì)政府的組織和管理產(chǎn)生著影響。的看法眾說(shuō)紛紜,莫衷一是。批評(píng)家尤其是英國(guó)和美國(guó)的批評(píng)家們認(rèn)為,新模式存。批評(píng)幾乎涵蓋了變化的各個(gè)方面。大多數(shù)批評(píng)都屬于學(xué)術(shù)上的吹毛求。同時(shí),公共管理者在實(shí)踐中不斷推動(dòng)和實(shí)施著這項(xiàng)變化和改革。公共部門(mén)的變革回應(yīng)了幾個(gè)相互聯(lián)系的重大現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題,包括:職能公共。而且是對(duì)大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已經(jīng)采取的管理模式的最佳表述。其管轄范圍從每年的尼羅河泛濫引起的灌溉事務(wù)到金字塔的建造。政府的主要目標(biāo)是謀取人民的福利。國(guó)家以不同的方式進(jìn)行管理,但它們具有共同的特點(diǎn),這可以稱為前現(xiàn)代。的;以效忠組織或國(guó)家為基礎(chǔ)而不是以個(gè)人為基礎(chǔ)。導(dǎo)致謀求個(gè)人利益的貪污行為或?yàn)E用職權(quán)。這并沒(méi)有授予某機(jī)構(gòu)具體情況下通過(guò)指令實(shí)施某種事務(wù)的權(quán)力。權(quán)管制所有事務(wù)。保護(hù)人、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人或政黨,而不是對(duì)體制負(fù)責(zé)。

　　

【正文】 atter what, it is called mode with traditional represents a significant change of public administration, different more attention and managers of the individual responsibility. Second, it is clear to get rid of the classical bureaucracy, thereby anization, personnel, term and conditions more flexible. Third, it stipulates the anization and personnel, and it can target according to the performance indicators measuring task pletion. Also, to plan the assessment system for more than ever before, and also can be more strictly determine whether the government plans to achieve its objectives. Fourth, the senior executives are more likely to color with political government work, rather than independent or neutral. Fifth, the more likely the inspection by the market, buyers of public service provider and distinguish helmsman, with the rower to distinguish. Government intervention is not always refers to the government by means of bureaucracy. Sixth, appeared through 13 privatization and market means such as inspection, contract of government function reduce trend. In some cases, it is fundamental. Once happened during the transformation from the important changes to all connected with this, the continuity of the steps are necessary. Holmes and Shand as a useful characteristics of generalization. They put the new public management paradigm, the good as management method has the following features: (1) it is a more strategic or structure of decisionmaking method (around the efficiency, quality and service). (2) decentralization type management environment replaced concentration level structure. The resource allocation and service delivery closer to supply, we can get more itself from the customers and related information and other interest groups. (3) can be more flexible to replace the method of public products supply directly, so as to provide cost savings of the policy. (4) concerned with the responsibility, authority as the key link of improving performance, including emphasize clear performance contract mechanism. (5) in the public sector, and between internal to create a petitive environment. (6) strengthen the strategic decisionmaking ability, which can quickly, flexible and low cost to manage multiple interests outside change and the response. (7) by request relevant results and prehensive cost reports to improve transparency and responsibility. (8) general service budget and management system to support and encourage the change. The new public management and realize a result that no one in the best way. Managers in endowed with responsibility and without being told to get results. Decision is a management job duties, if not for achieving goals, managers should assume responsibility. Conclusion The government management over the past 150 years experienced three modes. First is the personification of modern administrative mode, or when the pattern of its defects and increasingly exposed to improve efficiency, it is the second mode of traditional bureaucracy model is replaced. Similarly, when the traditional administrative mode problems, it is the third model is the new public management, 14 from the government to alternative market. Since 1980s, the dominance of the market as the 1920s to 1960s dominant bureaucracy. In any kind of government, market and bureaucratic system are coexisting, just a form at some stage dominant, and in another stage of another kind of form, the dominant. The new public management is increasingly weakened and bureaucracy in the public administration field market dominant period. In reality, the market and bureaucracy, mutual plement each other. The new public management may not be pletely replace the bureaucracy, as in 1989, the eastern Europe before bureaucracy could not instead of the market. But the new public management movement is early traditional bureaucracy, many functions can be and often by market now. In a bureaucracy system for anizational principle is weakened environment, market solutions will be launched. Of course not all market prescription can succeed, but this is not the issue. The government of new public management will be a toolbox dowsed solutions. If the scheme of the ineffective, the government will from the same source for other solutions. The theory behind the government management has already happened, we can use the term paradigm to describe it. In public administration academia, many of the new public management denial of critics. But their criticism of the government reform quickly. In the new public management mode, another a kind of new mode, but certainly not returned to the traditional administrative pattern.