chap_17壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語)-資料下載頁
2025-02-20 13:50本頁面
【正文】 mplying that products are more different than they truly are. 批評(píng)者還認(rèn)為，廣告抑制了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。廣告努力使消費(fèi)者相信產(chǎn)品差異大于實(shí)際情況。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Advertising ?Defenders argue that advertising provides information to consumers ?They also argue that advertising increases petition by offering a greater variety of products and prices. ?The willingness of a firm to spend advertising dollars can be a signal to consumers about the quality of the product being offered. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 廣告 ?廣告的辯護(hù)者認(rèn)為，企業(yè)用廣告向顧客提供信息。 ?辯護(hù)者還認(rèn)為，廣告加劇了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，為顧客提供了更多的產(chǎn)品和價(jià)格。 ?企業(yè)愿意用大量的錢來做廣告，這本身就向消費(fèi)者傳遞了一個(gè)所提供產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的信息。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Brand Names 品牌 ?Critics argue that brand names cause consumers to perceive differences that do not really exist. 品牌的批評(píng)者認(rèn)為，品牌使消費(fèi)者感覺到的產(chǎn)品差異大于實(shí)際存在的差異。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Brand Names ?Economists have argued that brand names may be a useful way for consumers to ensure that the goods they are buying are of high quality. ?providing information about quality. ?giving firms incentive to maintain high quality. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 品牌 ?經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)品牌的辯護(hù)是認(rèn)為品牌是消費(fèi)者保證他們購買的物品具有高質(zhì)量的一種有用方法。 ?提供產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量 信息。 ?向企業(yè)提供了保持高質(zhì)量的 激勵(lì)。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ?A monopolistically petitive market is characterized by three attributes: many firms, differentiated products, and free entry. ?The equilibrium in a monopolistically petitive market differs from perfect petition in that each firm has excess capacity and each firm charges a price above marginal cost. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) ?壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)有三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：許多企業(yè)、差異化的產(chǎn)品以及自由進(jìn)入和退出。 ?壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)均衡在相關(guān)的兩個(gè)方面不同于完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)：每個(gè)企業(yè)有過剩生產(chǎn)能力，每個(gè)企業(yè)收取高于其邊際成本的價(jià)格。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ?Monopolistic petition does not have all of the desirable properties of perfect petition. ?There is a standard deadweight loss of monopoly caused by the markup of price over marginal cost. ?The number of firms can be too large or too small. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) ?壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)沒有完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)所有合意的特點(diǎn)。 ?存在由高于邊際成本的價(jià)格加成引起的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無謂損失。 ?企業(yè)的數(shù)量（以及產(chǎn)品的種類）可能過多或過少。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ? The product differentiation inherent in monopolistic petition leads to the use of advertising and brand names. ?Critics argue that firms use advertising and brand names to take advantage of consumer irrationality and to reduce petition. ?Defenders argue that firms use advertising and brand names to inform consumers and to pete more vigorously on price and product quality. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) ?壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中固有的產(chǎn)品差異引起企業(yè)使用廣告和品牌。 ?廣告和品牌的批評(píng)者認(rèn)為，企業(yè)用這些方法利用了消費(fèi)者的缺乏理性，并減少了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 ?廣告與品牌的辯護(hù)者認(rèn)為，企業(yè)用這些方法向消費(fèi)者提供了信息，并使價(jià)格和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)更為激烈。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 演講完畢，謝謝觀看！
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