臺灣休閑農(nóng)業(yè)課程教材生態(tài)系統(tǒng)-資料下載頁
2024-12-30 10:29本頁面
【正文】 的相互關(guān)系可以用食物鏈來描述。食物鏈是連接吃與被吃的鏈，例如，食肉動物到它的最后的植物食物。任何生態(tài)系統(tǒng)都有許多食物鏈，并可以組成食物網(wǎng)。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在能量 營養(yǎng)物網(wǎng)的模式上有很大的變化。 食物鏈 A characteristic of an ecosystem is the number and nature of the species that occupy its various trophic levels. The relationship between constituents of one trophic level and constituents of adjacent trophic levels may be described by a food chain. This is a chain of eating and being eaten that connects, for example, carnivorous animals to their ultimate plant food. Many food chains exist in any given ecosystem and van be bined into food webs. Ecosystems vary considerably in the pattern of their energynutrient webs. Interactions between trophic levels 下行或上行 曾經(jīng)有過辯論，地球是綠色的、長滿植被的，這是因為食草動物被其捕食者所調(diào)節(jié)（下行控制， topdown control），而所有別的營養(yǎng)級都是被資源競爭所調(diào)節(jié)的（上行控制， buttomup control）。這個簡單的模型是吸引人的，但是其價值是值得懷疑的。由于植物有防御，食草物種在它們所吃的植物組織的范圍方面是受到很大限制的；因此，即使世界是綠色的，它們也可能受到競爭的限制。不僅如此，植物大體上并不受能量的限制，但卻受到空間限制，所以任何被食草動物清出的空間，都為更多的植物開放的機會。 食草動物 食肉動物 Topdown or bottomup? It has been argued that the earth is green and vegetated because herbivore numbers are regulated by their predators (topdown control), whilst all other trophic levels are regulated by petition for resources (bottomup control). This simple model is attractive but of doubtful value. Herbivore species are highly constrained in the range of plant tissue they can eat, due to plant defences, and hence may be level, plants are not energylimited but space limited, so any space cleared by herbivory opens opportunities for more plants. 相關(guān)主題 捕食的性質(zhì)（見 J1） 初級和次級生產(chǎn)力（見 P2）捕食行為和獵物反應(yīng)（見 J2）群落格局、競爭的捕食（見 Q3）群落、結(jié)構(gòu)和穩(wěn)定性（見 Q1） 組成成員和過程（見 P1）寄生的性質(zhì)（見 K1） Related topics The mature of predation (J1) Primary and secondary production Predator behavior and prey (P2) response (J2) The munity, structure and The nature of parasitism (K1) stability (Q1) Components and processes (P1) Community patterns, petition and predation (Q3) 謝謝觀看 /歡迎下載 BY FAITH I MEAN A VISION OF GOOD ONE CHERISHES AND THE ENTHUSIASM THAT PUSHES ONE TO SEEK ITS FULFILLMENT REGARDLESS OF OBSTACLES. BY FAITH I BY FAITH
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