【正文】 ol these forces in order to help perform physical tasks which were beyond our own capabilities. 我們的目標(biāo)一直是控制這些自然力，以幫助我們完成我們自身無法完成的體力工作。 Introduction to Control System Text During the dynamic and highly motivated 20th cen tury, the controlsystem engineering has transformed many of our hopes and dreams into reality. 在快速發(fā)展的 20世紀(jì)，控制系統(tǒng)業(yè)界已經(jīng)把我們許多希望和夢想變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。 Controlsystem engineers have made very important contributions to our advancements. 控制系統(tǒng)工程師在這方面做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)， Introduction to Control System Text As we look back, controlsystem engineers have made contributions to robotics。 spacevehicle systems, including the successful acplishment of the lunar soft landing。 aircraft autopilots and controls。 controlsystems for ships and submarines, and automatic control systems for hydrofoil, surfaceeffect ships, highspeed rail system。 and most recently, control system for the magiclevitation rail systems. Introduction to Control System Text 控制系統(tǒng)工程師在機(jī)器人方面做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)，包括成功實現(xiàn)月球軟著陸的航空系統(tǒng)，飛行器的自動駕駛儀與控制器，輪船與潛艇的控制系統(tǒng)，以及水翼艇、航空母艦、高速列車系統(tǒng)等的自動控制系統(tǒng)和最近的磁懸浮列車系統(tǒng)的控制系統(tǒng)。 Introduction to Control System Text Yet all these types of control, if they are to be successful, have certain features in mon. 然而，所有成功的各種控制系統(tǒng)具有某些共同的特征。 Introduction to Control System Text A control system is the collection of ponents connected in such a way as to effect control over certain aspects of the domain in which the system operates. 一個控制系統(tǒng)是一些部件的集合，這些部件按某種方式連接在一起以有效控制被控對象的某些特定方面。 Introduction to Control System Text In addition, Control systems exist that require no human intercation, such as aircraft automatic plots and auomobile cruise control systems. 另外，有些控制系統(tǒng)不需要人的參與，如飛行器的自動駕駛與汽車的巡航控制系統(tǒng)。 Introduction to Control System Text In dealing with control systems, particularly engineering control systems, we will deal with a variety of ponents, indicating that the subject is an interdisciplinary one. 在控制系統(tǒng)，特別是工程控制系統(tǒng)中，需要處理多種不同的部件，這意味著控制是一門交叉學(xué)科。 Introduction to Control System Text The control engineer needs a working knowledge of mechanics, electronics, electrical machines, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, structures, material properties,and so on. 控制工程師需要機(jī)械、電子、電子機(jī)械、流體機(jī)械、熱動力、結(jié)構(gòu)、材料屬性等方面的知識。 Introduction to Control System Text Computers are used widely to implement control schemes, and an increasing knowledge of information technology and software engineering is therefore being demanded of control engineers. 計算機(jī)廣泛地用來實施控制方案，要求控制工程師們具備日益增長的信息技術(shù)和軟件工程知識。 Introduction to Control System Text Obviously not every control system contains elements from each of the abvoe domains, but most useful control systems contain elements from more than one discipline. 顯然，并不是每個控制系統(tǒng)的部件涉及上述所有領(lǐng)域，但是絕大多數(shù)有用的控制系統(tǒng)的部件所涉及的學(xué)科不少于上述中的一種。 Performance Specification of Control System Words and Terms specification [.spesifi`kei??n] n. 指標(biāo)，規(guī)格 transient response [`tr230。nzi?nt ris`p ? ns] n. 瞬態(tài)響應(yīng)，暫態(tài)響應(yīng) step n. 階躍，步進(jìn)，步 paraboloid [p?`r230。b?l ? id] n. 拋物體，拋物面 Performance Specification of Control System Words and Terms resonance [`rez?n?ns] n. 諧振 Fourier series [`furiei `si?ri:z] n. 傅里葉級數(shù) anticipate [230。n`tisipeit] （討論，處理，提出 ） stability [st?`biliti] n. 穩(wěn)定性 ramp [r230。mp] n. 斜坡，接線夾 Performance Specification of Control System Words and Terms equispaced [.i:kwi`speist] overshoot [`?uv?`?u:t] . 超調(diào)，沖動，過度，過沖 bandwidth [`b230。ndwidθ] n. 帶寬 figures of merit n. 品質(zhì)因素 Performance Specification of Control System Text The design of any engineering system or ponent requires a specification of the job to be done, or of certain essential properties the system must have. 任何工程系統(tǒng)或部件的設(shè)計均需要所做工作或者系統(tǒng)必須具備的某些本質(zhì)屬性的一個指標(biāo)。 Performance Specification of Control System Text This specification should be fairly precise。 it is useful to know when a given design is just good enough for the job at hand since better quality almost invariably results in more plex, difficult and expensive designs. Automatic control systems are no exception. Performance Specification of Control System Text 該指標(biāo)應(yīng)非常精確。對于即將進(jìn)行的工作，它有助于讓人們了解給定設(shè)計在何時才做得足夠好，而更好的質(zhì)量總是會導(dǎo)致更復(fù)雜、困難、昂貴的設(shè)計。自動控制系統(tǒng)也不例外。 Performance Specification of Control System Text Control behavior of scalar feedback systems involves both steadystate and transient responses. 反饋系統(tǒng)的控制特性包含穩(wěn)態(tài)響應(yīng)和瞬態(tài)響應(yīng)兩種。 The same two categories are traditionally used for the performance specfications of feedback systems. 習(xí)慣上將這兩類用于反饋系統(tǒng)的性能指標(biāo)。 Performance Specification of Control System Text Steadystate performance of a feedback system is generally described in terms of stability and accuracy. 反饋系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)態(tài)性能一般用術(shù)語穩(wěn)定性和精度來描述。 The degree of stability is an extremely important part of describing a control system’s performance criteria. 穩(wěn)定度是描述一個控制系統(tǒng)性能標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一個極為重要的部分。 Performance Specification of Control System Text A feedback control system must be stable even when the system is subjected to mand signals, extraneous inputs anywhere within the loop, powersupply variations and changes in parameters of the feedback loop. 甚至當(dāng)系統(tǒng)受控于指令信號時，無論環(huán)內(nèi)任何處的外部輸入，還是電源的變化與反饋環(huán)內(nèi)參數(shù)的改變，反饋控制系統(tǒng)必須是穩(wěn)定的。 Performance Specification of Control System Text In the timedomain, system order refers to the highest derivative of the controlled quantity in the equation describing the control system’s dynamics. System order is very significant parameter for characterizing a system. 在時域中，系統(tǒng)階數(shù)指的是描述系統(tǒng)動態(tài)方程中受控量的最高階導(dǎo)數(shù)。系統(tǒng)階數(shù)是表征系統(tǒng)的非常重要的參數(shù)。 SecondOrder Systems Words and Terms order [` ? :d?] ，次，級，次序 damping ratio ，衰減系數(shù) radian [`reidj?n] stator [`steit?] ，定片 underdamped [`Λnd?`d230。mpd] inertia [i`n?:?j?] n. 慣性，慣量 SecondOrder Systems Words and Terms potentiometer [`mit?] ，電位差計，分壓比 damped natural frequency 率 magic [m230。g`ik]