【正文】 Performance Specification of Control System Text In the timedomain, system order refers to the highest derivative of the controlled quantity in the equation describing the control system’s dynamics. System order is very significant parameter for characterizing a system. 在時域中，系統(tǒng)階數(shù)指的是描述系統(tǒng)動態(tài)方程中受控量的最高階導(dǎo)數(shù)。 it is useful to know when a given design is just good enough for the job at hand since better quality almost invariably results in more plex, difficult and expensive designs. Automatic control systems are no exception. Performance Specification of Control System Text 該指標(biāo)應(yīng)非常精確。 Introduction to Control System Text Obviously not every control system contains elements from each of the abvoe domains, but most useful control systems contain elements from more than one discipline. 顯然，并不是每個控制系統(tǒng)的部件涉及上述所有領(lǐng)域，但是絕大多數(shù)有用的控制系統(tǒng)的部件所涉及的學(xué)科不少于上述中的一種。 controlsystems for ships and submarines, and automatic control systems for hydrofoil, surfaceeffect ships, highspeed rail system。mik] torque [`t?： k] , 轉(zhuǎn)矩 transducer [tr230。 Unijuncity Transistor Pulse Triggering Text The emitter is oriented so that it is closer to B2 than B1. 發(fā)射極的位置更靠近 B2而非 B1。nd ? f `rei?i?u] n.（單結(jié)管內(nèi)）分壓比 eta [`i:t?] H,η Unijuncity Transistor Pulse Triggering Words and Terms slightly ad. 輕微地，稍微 relaxation oscillator [.ri:l230。 Phase Control Text An RC work, by parison, causes the current to lead the coltage by as much as 90176。ηgl] singleleg [`siηgl leg] Phase Control Words and Terms alternate [? :l`t?:nit] ，輪流的 regardless of 不管，不顧 Phase Control Text Shifting the phase of gatecathode ac voltage with respect to the anodecathode voltage can be used to control the conduction of an SCR. 參照陽極電壓，移動門極交流電壓的相位可以控制SCR的導(dǎo)通。 Directcurrent Regulation Text Any difference in voltage will be sensed by the error amplifier. 誤差放大器感知兩個電壓的任何變化。 If C discharged a very small amount, the value of Vdc would be closer to the value of Vmax. 如果 C放電量非常小， Vdc的值更接近 Vmax。kt?] 脈動系數(shù) Filter Circuit Words and Terms rms value 均方根指，有效值 capacitor [k?`p230。 FlipFlops Text A mon application of the digital counter is used to count numerical information in binary form. 數(shù)字計數(shù)器的一個普通應(yīng)用就是對二進(jìn)制形式的數(shù)字信息進(jìn)行計數(shù)。 This type of operation can be achieved by manipulating flipflops in step with a clock pulse. 這類操作可通過逐步控制觸發(fā)器實現(xiàn)。它一般輸出幅值相同而相位相差 180o的兩路信號。riti] （性） invert [in`v?:t] ，反轉(zhuǎn) Operational Amplifiers Text The internal construction of an opamp is quite plex and usually contains a large number of discrete ponents. 運算放大器的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)非常復(fù)雜，它通常包含大量的分離元件。這意味著該器件僅在一個方向上導(dǎo)通。f ? :mjul?]:公式 , 規(guī)則 , 客套語 reverse[ri180。在這種情況下，再增加 IB不會引起 IC的相應(yīng)變化 。 Bipolar Junction Transistor Text In the operation of a single PN diode junction, forward biasing causes conduction and reverse biasing causes nonconduction. 單個 PN二結(jié)的工作情況是：正向偏置促使其導(dǎo)通，反向偏置導(dǎo)致其截止。v?:s]:相反的 , 倒轉(zhuǎn)的 , 顛倒的 biased[`bai?st ]:結(jié)果偏倚的 , [數(shù) ]有偏的 Bipolar Junction Transistor Text Today, industrial electronic systems employ several devices that are described by the term transistor. 目前，工業(yè)電子系統(tǒng)使用了多種由術(shù) 語晶體管描述的器件。neg?tiv]:負(fù)的 , 陰性的 semiconductor[180。機(jī)電或自動化專業(yè)英語 教材：王軍教授、宋舒教授主編的由重慶大學(xué)出版社出版的 《 自動化專業(yè)英語 》 基本目標(biāo)：基本能夠比較順利、準(zhǔn)確地閱讀機(jī)電專業(yè)方面的英文書刊、文獻(xiàn) 、技術(shù)資料，在這方面具備一定 的翻譯和溝通、表達(dá)、交流能力。semik?n180。 Bipolar Junction Transistor Text Each type of transistor has different characteristics and operational conditions that are used to distinguish it from others. 每種晶體管都有區(qū)別于其它種類的特征和工作環(huán)境。 Bipolar Junction Transistor Text In a transistor, this rule does not apply directly because two junctions are involved. 因為晶體管包含兩個結(jié)，該規(guī)則不能直接應(yīng)用 For example, when the emitterbase junction is forward biased, it causes a large amount of IE to enter the base region. 例如，其發(fā)射 基極處于正向偏置時，它會促使大量的 IE 進(jìn)入基區(qū)。 Bipolar Junction Transistor Text When amplitude control is being achieved, a transistor is rarely operates in the saturation region. When a transistor is used as a switch, it usually operates in the saturation region. 進(jìn)行幅值控制時晶體管幾乎不會處于飽和區(qū)。v?:s]:相反的 , 倒轉(zhuǎn)的 , 顛倒的 biased[`bai?st ]:結(jié)果偏倚的 , [數(shù) ]有偏的 UJT Thyristors and SCRs Text Thyristors should not be confused with bipolar junction transistors or fieldeffect transistors. 不應(yīng)將晶閘管與雙結(jié)型晶體管 （ bipolar junction transistors， BJTs） 或場效應(yīng)管（ fieldeffect transistors， FETs） 混淆起來 . UJT Thyristors and SCRs Text BJTs and FETs are both capable of performing switching operations. As a rule, these devices are not as efficient as thyristor and do not have the powerhandling capability. BJTs與 FETs都能夠完成開關(guān)操作。當(dāng)其陽極、負(fù)極處于反偏時，它不導(dǎo)通。 Operational Amplifiers Text A person working with an opamp does not ordinarily need to be concerned with its internal construction. It is helpful, however, to have some general understanding of what the internal circuitry acplishes. 使用運算放大器工作的人一般并不需要關(guān)心其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。這可稱為推拉式輸入輸出。 FlipFlops Text In this case, the appropriate RS inputs and clock pulse must all be present in order to cause a state change. A device of this type is called an RS triggered flipflop or simply an RST flipflop. 在這種情況下，須要有合適的 RS輸入信號和時鐘脈沖以改變觸發(fā)器的狀態(tài)。 FlipFlops Text This type of device simply employs a number of flipflops connected so that the Q output of the first device drives the trigger or clock input of the next device. Each flipflop therefore has a divideby2 function. 這類器件僅僅使用了大量的觸發(fā)器，這些觸發(fā)器順次連接起來以便于第一個觸發(fā)器的輸出驅(qū)動下一個觸發(fā)器的觸發(fā)引腳或者時鐘輸入。sit?] n. 電容器 interval [`int?v?l] ，周期 period [`pi?ri?d] n. 時期，期間 discharge ，排除，放電 milliampere [.mili`230。 Filter Circuit Text With light loads (high resistance), the capacitor filter will supply a high dc voltage with little ripple. 負(fù)載輕（大電阻）的電容濾波器能提供很小波動的高直流電壓。 The output of the error amplifier then con