【正文】 ,上海的人口密度是3503每平方千米 ,超過20倍的國家人口密度。在上海,有不同類型的村莊在市中心。有些是坐落在這個城市的邊緣,這是造成城市擴展。其他人則位于城市的分中心,在沒有達到協(xié)議搬出去。上海,中國的大都市,是一個特殊的為研究在全球化的進程和城市化的樣本城市。(2)樣本的人口世界銀行環(huán)境專家將脆弱性劃分成兩個主要因素:風險和應對能力。脆弱性是指可能的風險,一個人或一個家庭在財富或生活質量可能面臨和隨之而來的損失。也就是說機會保持風險和風險承受能力的影響。(漢甄,2004)為風險評估、環(huán)境經(jīng)濟學家們強調的損傷和曝光。損失是指風險造成的損失。美國國家科學院(NAS) 在1983年提出了四個步驟的健康風險評估,是危害評估,存在劑量效應關系的評估、暴露評估和風險特征的分析。根據(jù)風險和脆弱性的解釋,它可以得出可能發(fā)生不同的結果,因為不同的能力,來應對風險。通過文獻分析, 在村莊在市中心的流動人口被認為是最脆弱的群體暴露環(huán)境健康風險。目前,大多數(shù)的移民人口從農(nóng)村地區(qū)與較低的社會地位和收入和貧窮的就業(yè)和生活條件。人群在他們的日常生活和工作暴露的各種環(huán)境健康風險,如不合格的飲用水嚴重的空氣污染、噪音和不安全的工作環(huán)境。這個假設通過德爾菲法被證實。研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,大眾傳媒不僅是流動人口感知風險的最重要的信道,但也是為政策制定者和高管感知的主要信道?；谥R態(tài)度信念實踐的模型(KABP模型)，衛(wèi)生保健知識和信息是基礎,形成一個積極和正確的健康的態(tài)度。這,依次,有能力改變行為。隨著社會的發(fā)展,科學的進步和廣泛的文化媒體,一些流動人口正在改變他們的健康概念和要求更多的健康教育。如果引導得當,他們將抵制環(huán)境健康風險更好的。國際經(jīng)驗表明,“村莊在市中心”或貧民窟現(xiàn)象不僅存在于一些發(fā)展中國家如印度,但也在一些發(fā)達國家城市像紐約和多倫多。如何幫助流動人口保護自己,避免環(huán)境健康風險的情況下,國外有一些事例像社會匯款。中國可以學習從健康的社區(qū)和生態(tài)城市等,幫助流動人口從組織網(wǎng)絡獲得更多的知識。附錄C 外文參考文獻（原文）Risk Perception, Policy Cognition and Policy Response of Transient Population in Villages in Downtown in Terms of Environmental SanitationCase Study in the City of Shanghai, ChinaAbstract: Safe drinking water and environmental sanitation are basic indicators of healthy living conditions. In this study, we evaluated environmental health risks through investigating drinking water quality and environmental sanitation facilities in several specialized villages in downtown(VID)mostly occupied by transient and poor populations in Shanghai, the largest city in China. Specifically, we visited 200 households with questionnaires to estimate VID inhabitants39。 senses environmental and healthrelated issues, collected and analyzed more than 2,300 laws and regulations about environmental protection rectified between Jan. 1, 1999 and Dec. 31, 2010, to evaluate the central government39。s attempts to handle environmental health risks, and interviewed 10 officials in various departments of Shanghai municipal government to measure the resistance during the practice of central and local governments39。 environmental and healthrelated policies. Results demonstrated that the environmental sanitation system in VID has been ignorant during city planning, and the VID inhabitants are not award of environmental issues through official pathways and are manly informed via mass media. In order to improve Irving conditions in VID and meet the standard set by public policies, an effective munication system among policy makers, policy executors, and VID inhabitants should be established.Key words: Villages in downtown, transient population, Environmental health risks, Healthy cities, Empirical Study1 IntroductionSince the Reform and Opening up 30 years ago, the social and economic conditions in China have undergone tremendous changes. The country is changing from the poor rural style to big manufacturing one. Along with all the great achievements, China39。s economic growth, industrialization and urbanization make the environment bear a lot of pressure. First, even before the industrialization, water and sanitation related diseases had posed a big problem in the selfsufficient agricultural society. Second, acpanying industrialization and agricultural intensification, waste and other factors are polluting air, soil, water and food, and the relevant management is quite poor. Third， new epidemics”, like obesity and high blood pressure, appear with the rapid development of postindustrialization social services. Bearing the burden of many environmental risks, China has already fully recognized the problem and begins address to this challenge.The policies and practices of environmental health in western countries almost endure three stages, namely from focusing more on city plans and engineering solutions of controlling the spread of diseases, to emphasizing security regulations， social supervision and technical proposals that fight against environmental pollutions, and then to focusing on the consequences that environment causes to human and the sustainable development (Brown, 1992). Compared with that in western countries, the situation in China is more plicated and the problems, which the policies and practices of environmental health are facing, are different as well. Before 1980, environmental health risks in China could be classified as the traditional type. Risks mainly include infectious diseases like bilharzias is, malaria and plague which were caused by inadequate infrastructure like water and sewage disposals, poor public sanitary conditions and parasites, viruses living in water and soil. In the late 1980s, on the contrary, the industrial pollution became the primary cause of health risks. After years39。 efforts, life expectancy in China is continuously increasing and the prevalence rate and death rate of total population are decreasing, but the death or prevalence rate which relate to environmental pollution are still showing an upward trend. The environmental pollution frequently threats people39。s health in some areas. Taking water quality in chemical toxicity disease as example, the distribution of this disease in our country is very p1icated. The traditional problem of hygienic quality of drinking water is related to poverty and underdevelopment. It lies primarily in underdeveloped rural areas and mainly appears as f1uoride and water arsenic toxicity. But the health problem of drinking water in modem society mainly appears as unsustainable development and unsustainable consumption. It often exists in developed areas and appears mainly as chronic diseases like tumor. The estimation of the burden of diseases, which is caused by environmental issues, shows that even to estimate conservatively, every year the number of people who are caused to death by environmental factors reaches million, accounting for 22% of the total burden of diseases. However, looking from some more direct environmental risks, whose statistics of the year 2007 shows that million people died from indoor air pollution and 95,600 from lower