【正文】 urn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly pelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers。 they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited。 or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds. (73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass munications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed pared with the past. For example, (74)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the munity and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. (75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are being increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.2001年英譯漢試題In less than 30 years39。 time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain39。s nervous system and a puter will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall. (71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.(72)Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, puters with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smelltelevision, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT39。s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when superputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. (73)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs ing into use between now and 2040. Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in puterhuman links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, puters could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says. (74)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of manmachine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when fasterthanlight travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. (75)And home appliances will also bee so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.2002年英譯漢試題Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. (61)One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. (62)The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. (63)The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has e to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore bee available. It will not solve our proble