【正文】 cemental (c)pericoronal 急性牙槽膿腫，是一種牙齒急性局限性的化膿表現(xiàn)。這種感染可能由下列三種途徑引起：根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。Salivary glands may be involved by tumors, cyst , sialadenitis from infection , sialoductitis with subsequent strictures of the ducts.涎腺可罹患腫瘤、囊腫、感染所致的涎腺導(dǎo)管炎，及其后遺的導(dǎo)管狹窄癥。The lower jaw is more exposed to violence and consequently is more often fractured than any other facial bone.下頜骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中，因此比所有其它的面部骨都更經(jīng)常發(fā)生骨折。The mon diseases of the temporomandibular joint are subluxation dislocation and ankylosis. The infection of this joint is rare.普通疾病會(huì)造成顳下頜關(guān)節(jié)半脫位或脫臼和關(guān)節(jié)僵直是很非常少見的。Nearly all of the tumors and cysts which can arise in any part of the body may be found in or around the mouth, except those which are peculiar to certain organs.幾乎全部腫瘤和囊腫會(huì)發(fā)生在身體的任何部位或嘴巴周圍，除非某些特殊的腫瘤才會(huì)發(fā)生在特定的器官。The object in undertaking such reparative procedures is the restoration of function or the improvement of appearance or both. Included within the group which may require reconstructive procedures are congenital malformations, traumatic injuries, deformations due to operation for neoplasms , destruction of tissue incident to disease, or the treatment of disease. 被用來使用修復(fù)程序的對象是為了恢復(fù)功能或是促進(jìn)美觀或是兩者兼具。包含了天生畸形、創(chuàng)傷性的傷害、腫瘤治療、去除病變的組織或是疾病的治療。It includes also those oral or extraoral operations which are indicated for the restoration of lost bone, teeth or the insertion of retentive devices for dentures.用來修復(fù)失骨和失牙或是義齒的固位裝置包含在口腔和口外的手術(shù)The maxillary right central and left lateral incisors had Class 1 mobility3。 the maxillary left central incisor had an oblique4 fracture line through the distal portion of the crown.上合右中切牙和左側(cè)切牙屬于1分類松動(dòng)3度。上合左中切牙在牙冠遠(yuǎn)中部分有一個(gè)斜行的骨折線1In the treatment of acute osteomyelitis the general rule is to institute antibiotic therapy and to surgically establish adequate drainage.在治療急性骨髓炎時(shí),全身療法可用滴注抗生素治療,外科方法為建立開放引流管道。1The lower end of the short fragment is generally displaced upward and forward by contraction of the elevator muscles. In addition, Slight inward displacement is more mon than external displacement.短部分的下部通常會(huì)因?yàn)樘峥诩∪旱氖湛s導(dǎo)致向上向前移位。此外,稍微向內(nèi)的移位比向外移位常見六、中翻英Conduction anesthesia(Block anesthesia). When injected in the vicinity of a nerve trunk, an anesthetic solution penetrates by way of the perineurium into the central nerve substance, inhibiting its conducting function, and thus anesthetizing the entire peripheral areas supplied by the nerve. Conduction anesthesia is therefore ancathe ia produced by elimination of the conductivity of the nerve trunk. In inducing anesthesia in this manner, it is doubtful whether the needle often actually penetrates the nerve sheath. The injection is made in the region of the nerve and the solution then is absorbed through the perineurium.阻滯麻醉(conduction anesthesia)。當(dāng)注射神經(jīng)干(trunk)的鄰近區(qū)域(vicinity)時(shí)，麻藥通過神經(jīng)莢膜穿透進(jìn)入中央神經(jīng)胞質(zhì)(central nerve substance)，阻止(inhibit)其傳導(dǎo)功能，從而麻醉由此神經(jīng)支配的整個(gè)外周(peripheral)區(qū)域。所以阻滯麻醉通過減少神經(jīng)干傳導(dǎo)性而產(chǎn)生的麻醉效果。使用這種方式麻醉，不確定針頭是否實(shí)際上時(shí)常穿過神經(jīng)鞘(sheath)。注射在神經(jīng)分布的區(qū)域內(nèi)進(jìn)行，然后藥液通過神經(jīng)鞘膜吸收。An impacted third molar may press against the crown of the second molar and cause decay of the tooth, or itself bees the seat of caries around the point of contact. It may also cause pressure absorption of the root of the second molar. Exposure and devitalization of the pulp from these causes may give rise to neuralgia. Neuralgia may be caused in another way by pressure of the impacted tooth on the inferior dental nerve or its branches.阻生的第三磨牙會(huì)擠壓第二磨牙的牙冠引起后者的齲壞，或其本身在接觸周圍產(chǎn)生齲壞。還可造成第二磨牙牙根的壓迫吸收。由這些原因引起的牙髓的暴露和失活會(huì)造成神經(jīng)痛。神經(jīng)痛也可由阻生牙壓迫相關(guān)牙神經(jīng)或其分支造成。After the acute symptoms have been subsided, the tooth originally causing the trouble should be extracted in order to avoid recurrence or the persistence of a discharging sinus.急性癥狀緩解后，病灶牙必須要移除以免再度復(fù)發(fā)或是持續(xù)性的竇炎。Bone grafts are monly used to restore the bone defects. Bone grafts can be posed of either pact or cancellous bone.骨移植片常用來修復(fù)骨缺陷。骨移植片由密質(zhì)骨或松質(zhì)骨組成。The base is a most important unit in the partial denture because through it the principal support is to the gained from the underlying ridge structure. 基托是局部義齒中最重要的一個(gè)部分,因?yàn)榛械玫降闹饕闹С謥碜云湎路窖啦坩?。英翻中Based on doth morphological and microbiological sequential analyses, a better understanding has been gained of the event involved in plaque formation, especially on clean supragingival enamel surfaces. For convenience of description these events can be considered as three phases:(1)initial colonization, (2)rapid bacterial growth, and (3)remodeling. In actuality, though, these are progressive phases gradually changing and not sharply refined.基于型態(tài)學(xué)和微生物學(xué)的相繼分析下，對于菌斑的形成可獲得更好的了解，尤其是在清潔的齦上釉質(zhì)表面。為了明確描述這個(gè)過程，可分為三部分：，事實(shí)上這些過程是漸進(jìn)的，且未被明確定義的。The obstruction is due to mechanical blockage because of the stones, or periductal infection causing inflammatory edema which results in the occlusion of the lumen of the duct.造成阻礙是由于石頭的機(jī)械性阻塞或是導(dǎo)管周圍的感染導(dǎo)致炎癥性水腫，而造成的管腔狹窄。The root of a natural tooth is therefore superior to any form of artificial implant. If such support is available, it should not be discarded unless one is sure that the patient will be satisfied with a conventional type of plete denture, supported entirely by the mucoperiostem.因此,天然牙的牙根也優(yōu)于任何人工的種植體。如果可以獲得這種支持,就不該放棄。除非可以確定病人對于完全由粘骨膜支持的常規(guī)全口義齒是滿意的。In evaluating the clinical features of gingivitis, it is necessary to be systematic. Attention should be focused on subtle tissue alteration, because these may be of diagnostic significance. A systematic clinical approach requires an orderly examination of the gingival for color, contour, consistency, position, ease and severity of bleeding, and pain.我們必須系統(tǒng)性的評估牙齦炎的臨床特點(diǎn)。必須注意些微的組織變化,因?yàn)閷υ\斷來說是有意義的。一個(gè)系統(tǒng)性的臨床檢查途徑需照順序?qū)ρ例l顏色、外型、質(zhì)地、位置、出血情況和疼痛程度進(jìn)行檢查。The third part which makes up the clasp unit is the very essential ponent for which the clasp retainer reallywas devised. At least one arm of each clasp must create resistance to vertical displacement. This is acplished by locating the retentive terminal cervically to the tooth’s gteates diameter, monly referred to as “the height of contour”.組成卡環(huán)的第三個(gè)非常重要的部分是