【正文】 不是分體結(jié)構(gòu)，而是一體式液力模塊。L形閥箱又有吸人閥在前、排出閥在后的常規(guī)型和吸人閥在后、排出閥在前的變L形結(jié)構(gòu)。 吸入閥采用液力壓緊裝置，不靠螺紋壓緊，壓緊裝置內(nèi)充滿液壓油，其殼體與閥箱螺紋聯(lián)接。排出閥用冠形螺紋壓蓋壓緊。閥盤以錐面和端面與閥座接觸，閥盤的質(zhì)量較輕，接觸應(yīng)力也較小。閥膠皮保證可靠的密封。 活塞與缸套間有獨(dú)特的水封裝置，噴淋冷卻管有鉸鏈裝置，可以提高可靠性，減少機(jī)修時(shí)間和使用費(fèi)用。噴淋泵的開關(guān)與鉆井泵傳動(dòng)機(jī)組聯(lián)鎖，電動(dòng)泵未起動(dòng)，鉆井泵不能起動(dòng)，以保護(hù)主泵。缸套采用離心澆鑄的雙金屬毛坯或雙金屬軋制鋼管制造。外層是中碳結(jié)構(gòu)鋼，內(nèi)層為高鉻耐磨不銹鋼。內(nèi)層的金相組織為細(xì)針狀馬氏體和部分殘留奧氏體。使用壽命一般在500h左右，最高可達(dá)800一900h。 為了方便用戶，減少易損件規(guī)格，制造的600kW, 800kW, 950k W及1180kW泵的缸套可以通用?；钊麎勖骄?00h左右，最高600800h。閥盤和閥座的壽命200一300h，最高600h。吸人空氣包有球形及筒形兩種。 動(dòng)力端機(jī)座有鑄件和焊接件，傳動(dòng)采用小螺旋角斜齒輪傳動(dòng)和寬槽人字齒輪。曲軸是由鑄造的偏心輪套在直軸上組成的。采用雙列圓錐滾子軸承。十字頭滑動(dòng)面經(jīng)表面淬火磨削。介桿采用雙室密封。隨機(jī)輔助工具齊全，有閥座液壓拉拔器、液壓折卸器、缸套拆卸器等。總的來說，俄羅斯三缸泵易損件的使用壽命較低。與先進(jìn)水平相比，尚有不小差距。然而，由于其三缸泵多數(shù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)速度較小(如額定速度為135r/min的泵，經(jīng)常以70一80r/min運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn))，而且傳動(dòng)可以調(diào)速，因此，泵的功效發(fā)揮較好。隨著鉆井工藝技術(shù)，特別是高壓噴射鉆井、近平衡鉆井、叢式定向井、水平井等新工藝、新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，鉆井泵進(jìn)一步向大功率、大排量和高泵壓方向推進(jìn)，作為鉆機(jī)“‘心臟”的鉆井泵，其性能水平和使用壽命同鉆井速率和生產(chǎn)成本有著直接關(guān)系，同時(shí)其工作條件又十分惡劣，工況也異常復(fù)雜，對(duì)鉆井泵的可靠性和安全性提出越來越高的要求。 多年來鉆井的實(shí)踐證實(shí)，只有臥式活塞泵能滿足鉆井工藝要求，鉆井使用的活塞泵傳動(dòng)功率由300k W到2000 k W，最大排量8一50 L/s，最小排量下的最高壓力為9一40MPa。從排量的均衡性，對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)泵的排量不均勻度進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果表明，曲柄錯(cuò)角120。的三缸泵比其他方曲柄錯(cuò)角等的多缸泵都有利。三缸以上的泵由于結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，維修困難和易磨損而難以廣泛應(yīng)用。近年相繼開始研制出5缸、7缸斜盤型軸向柱塞泵、雙缸單作用液壓鉆井泵等新型鉆井泵，但由于維修不便及使用壽命等因素限制了其推廣應(yīng)用。所以目前國內(nèi)外鉆井泵的主要形式仍為三缸單作用往復(fù)泵。國內(nèi)外三缸泵的優(yōu)點(diǎn)有:液力端L形結(jié)構(gòu)，復(fù)合錐面閥膠皮，冷卻缸套活塞的內(nèi)孔噴射移動(dòng)式噴淋裝置，直立式吸人空氣包。動(dòng)力端的體外強(qiáng)力潤滑系統(tǒng)，閉式內(nèi)固定導(dǎo)板機(jī)構(gòu)。隨著改革開放的深人及我加人世界貿(mào)易組織，我國石油鉆井隊(duì)伍參與國際鉆井市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，中石化、中石油加快對(duì)老鉆機(jī)的更新改造和新型輕便鉆機(jī)研制步伐，加之國際市場(chǎng)對(duì)鉆井泵的需求擴(kuò)大，使得鉆井泵供求的矛盾更加突出，各類型鉆井泵的年缺口量達(dá)200臺(tái)左右。同時(shí)隨著新鉆井工藝的應(yīng)用和發(fā)展，要求開發(fā)具有更高更好性能的新型鉆井泵。因此，該項(xiàng)目具有良好的市場(chǎng)前景附錄外文翻譯英文文獻(xiàn)lubrication and tribology in seawater hydraulic piston pumpAbstract: Water hydraulic systems have provoked major interest because of the human friendly and environmental safety aspects. Piston pump is one of the most frequently used hydraulic units in recent engineering water hydraulic piston pump,poor lubrication is more likely to happen than in oil hydraulic one because of difference in properties between water and there are some key problems such as corrosive wear and erosion,which are investigated new materials have been developed,which give longer life expectancies with water without corrosion and new type of seawater hydraulic piston pumps with better suction characteristics had been developed at of this research has concentrated on new materials,structureand experiments,which are also specially introduced.Keywords: water hydraulics。pistonpump。lubrication。test。materialINTRODUCTIONThe earliest hydraulic systems used water as the hydraulic restricted the working temperature range and caused corrosion as well as lubricating was not until the late 192039。s that mineral hydraulic oils were , the oil became the main pressure medium of hydraulic ,the demand for usingpure tap water(excluding seawater) as a pressure medium in hydraulic applications has increased due to its availability,easy maintenance,its low cost and high safety levels against pollution and fire ,water hydraulics can be used in new application areas such as food processing,pulp and paper industry,medicine,glass making,coal mining and nuclear industry.Water is characterized by very low viscosity in parison with mineral hydraulic example, the kinematics viscosity of water at 40 is about /s and of typical mineral oil is 3 2 /s. Key problems should be considered in water hydraulic system. Firstly,the very low viscosity must increase the difficulty of developing hydrodynamic film between frictional pairs,and the very small change of water39。s viscosity with pressure means that elastohydrodynamic lubrication with hard materials is unlikely to ,the low viscosity is acpanied with poor lubricity of lubricity can cause corrosive wear and erosion ,it is to be noted that water (especially sea water)is electrically conductive and may act as anelectrolyte when impurities or certain additives are such cases the electrolytic corrosion may metallic materials to be used in connection with the water pressure medium should ply with the electrochemical series.From the present point of view,oil has an advantage against water in the aspect of lubrication but the recent technology of materials,designs and tribology has brought the possibility of using water as a pressure medium number of new materials,such as stainless steel,corrosion resistant alloy,ceramics,polymers,bronze,brass,anodized alumina and posites,etc.,have good patibility with water,along with modern design and manufacturing techniques,water hydraulics bee more and more science and technologies can provide essential technical guarantee for the reemergence and development of water hydraulics. Piston pump is one of the most frequently used hydraulic units in recent engineering water hydraulic piston pump,poor lubrication is more likely to happen than that in oil hydraulic oneIn water hydraulic system,the first objective is to develop piston pump and motor using raw water as pressure deal with problems of using raw water as lubricant,three critical sliding pairs,such as the cylinder block/port plate,piston/cylinder bore,swash plate/slipper pad have been focused.Water piston pump(motor) has been developed in some developed countries,such as USA,UK,Japan,Denmark,GermanyandFinland, and motors are virtually Fenner pany in the United Kingdom has developed an axial pump for raw water with fixed pumps and motors are of the swash plate centers are designed to be in line with the torque centers of the units in order to minimize tilt forces on the valve rubbing surfaces use polymerstainless adapt ation of the pump using ceramic pistons has operated successfully up to casing are made of stainless Hauhinco radial piston pump in Germany has fixed pump design is based upon using new and nontraditional materials sothat a separate lubrication system is medium,industrial water,to be pumped also acts as a pump ratings are: flow rate up to 242L/min,pressure up to 32MPa.The Danfoss Nessie pump of type PHA(pump axialhighpressure) in Denmark is designed as an integral unit based upon the swash plate friction surfaces,such as cylinders,thrust plate and