【正文】 等老師的悉心指導和本組同學的幫助，才得以順利完成此計算書。幾位老師經(jīng)常到教室指導，使我在計算過程中遇到的問題可以得到及時請教，遇到錯誤能及時為我指出，并督促著我的進度，使我能夠順利并及時地完成任務(wù)。完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計的同時，我也學到了許多新知識，為以后的工作打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。在此設(shè)計即將結(jié)束時，我要感謝大學四年來所有的老師。感謝你們教給我的一切知識。附　錄Ａ英文文獻Reinforced concrete cracksReinforced concrete structure engineering quality accident damage to collapse, the vast majority of begins with the expansion of the crack。In fact, as long as careful observation, ordinary reinforced concrete structure and stress fracture usually works, if with the help of instrument, you can even find cracks is to change all the time, with the development of cracks, and applicability of the durability of the structures can be reduced to a different extent, serious even lead to the destruction of structures。So the fracture morphology, this paper analyzes the reason of the crack and fracture of structure function and the effect of control is a very important.Cracks in a variety of forms。From the crack width to points, can be divided into micro and macro cracks。The concrete materials are produced in the process of bining the width of the crack is called micro crack is less than mm。It is a kind of physical properties of concrete material, the generation of micro cracks is almost inevitable, its distribution is irregular and not well versed in。This tiny crack if not to expand or extend in a certain range, it to the normal use of general industrial and civil buildings will not harm。This class is also known as harmless , in actual use process, because the tensile strength of concrete structure is much lower than the pressive strength, so the loads or further under the condition of temperature and drying shrinkage, micro cracks begin to extend and interpermeation gradually, thus appear larger, visible cracks, the crack is called macro crack and the crack width is generally greater than the same time, according to the cracks on the impact of different structure, cracks and can be divided into structural and nonstructural cracks, nonstructural cracks is mainly due to the cement hardening drying shrinkage, ambient temperature and humidity changes, improper construction joint treatment, such as steel corrosion causes。And structural fracture is mainly caused by the stress, so the structural and load cracks, it is the most mon cracks in cracks on reinforced concrete structure, mon in the prestress of the bending and tensile ponent, as well as some parts of the prestressed all kinds of cracks, you must first find out the causes of its nature and, in turn, determine the specific methods of concrete structure crack according to the reasons can be divided into different load crack, temperature crack, dry crack, corrosion crack, settlement crack and so on.一、 all kinds of cracksLoad crack: structure deformation under load is too large, resulting in more monly in the tension area of the structure, the shear zone or severe vibration, is the main reason for the structure design, the construction error, carrying capacity is insufficient, uneven settlement of foundation and so borne by the mon concrete and steel reinforced concrete structures bearing capacity limit state, structure designers need to according to the foundation condition, static, dynamic loads, environmental factors, structure durability load crack from the domestic and foreign relevant specifications, the structure of the problem of crack deformation effect, there are two types of schools: one is the rules and regulations of design is very flexible, without calculating the crack make clear a regulation, and freedom by design personnel kind is the design specification have specific provision, the load calculation formula and strict allowed crack width restrictions, such as the specification for design of concrete structures (GB500102002), the engineer to be thoughtless about structural deformation and crack control, structure is the main reason for the excessive load cracks occur.Temperature crack: by atmospheric temperature change, the influence of ambient temperature and the mass concrete construction factors, such as hydration heat of cement of heat water for 165~250j/g, with the dosage of cement concrete, the adiabatic temperature rise of up to 50℃~80℃.Research shows that when the difference of temperature of concrete inside and outside 10℃, the cold alpha epsilon c = ΔT = 0101%, such as temperature of 20℃~ 30℃, the cold value of 0102% ~ 0103%, when coagulation soil is greater than the limit tensile strain of concrete cracking.Dry crack: this kind of crack is caused by material defects, research has shown that after adding water into cement hardening cement, the absolute volume decreases, and wool stoma seam water escape capillary pressure, make concrete capillary contraction, resulting the dry shrinkage of the cement mortar value of 011%~011%, the dry shrinkage of the coagulation soil value of 0104%~0104%, and the ultimate tensile strain of concrete value is only 0101%~0102%, so the drying shrinkage crack.Settlement cracks: castinsitu ponents because of too much foundation or masonry uneven settlement。Template insufficient rigidity, big span, loose support, early to open mould and so on, all can lead to settlement cracks.Corrosion cracking: due to the harmful ion Cl , such as magnesium 2 + concrete interior, cause steel corrosion and make the later expansion of concrete cracks.Temperature crack: prevent the temperature difference with the outside world because of concrete itself, in the environment of high temperature ponents, heat insulation measures should be taken to strengthen the maintenance, especially in high temperature, windy and dry climates more water should be as soon as in mass concrete should be controlled, the mass concrete engineering caused by loose hot cool cold caused more easily than dry shrinkage cracking, the conventional temperature control measures are both plicated and expensive.二、 Fracture tr