外文翻譯computerprogram英文-資料下載頁(yè)
2025-06-26 19:16本頁(yè)面
【正文】 ter science has grown rapidly since the 1950s due to the increase in their use. Computer programs have undergone many changes during this time in response to user need and advances in technology. Newer ideas in puting such as parallel puting, distributed puting, and artificial intelligence, have radically altered the traditional concepts that once determined program form and function.Computer scientists working in the field of parallel puting, in which multiple CPUs cooperate on the same problem at the same time, have introduced a number of new program models. In parallel puting parts of a problem are worked on simultaneously by different processors, and this speeds up the solution of the problem. Many challenges face scientists and engineers who design programs for parallel processing puters, because of the extreme plexity of the systems and the difficulty involved in making them operate as effectively as possible.Another type of parallel puting called distributed puting uses CPUs from many interconnected puters to solve problems. Often the puters used to process information in a distributed puting application are connected over the Internet. Internet applications are being a particularly useful form of distributed puting, especially with programming languages such as Java. In such applications, a user logs onto a web site and downloads a Java program onto their puter. When the Java program is run, it municates with other programs at its home Web site, and may also municate with other programs running on different puters or Web sites.Research into artificial intelligence has led to several other new styles of programming. Logic programs, for example, do not consist of individual instructions for the puter to follow blindly, but instead consist of sets of rules: if x happens then do y. A special program called an inference engine uses these rules to “reason” its way to a conclusion when presented with a new problem. Applications of logic programs include automatic monitoring of plex systems, and proving mathematical theorems.A radically different approach to puting in which there is no program in the conventional sense is called a neural network. A neural network is a group of highly interconnected simple processing elements, designed to mimic the brain. Instead of having a program direct the information processing in the way that a traditional puter does, a neural network processes information depending upon the way that its processing elements are connected. Programming a neural network is acplished by presenting it with known patterns of input and output data and adjusting the relative importance of the interconnections between the processing elements until the desired pattern matching is acplished. Neural networks are usually simulated on traditional puters, but unlike traditional puter programs, neural networks are able to learn from their experience.13 / 13
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