【正文】 packing agreed upon by the parties concerned. In this case, the net weight is calculated by deducting the tare previously agreed upon from the gross weight of the modity.5. What are the issues to be concerned when specifying quantity clause in a sales contract?When stipulating a quantity clause in a sales contract, the following are to be concerned:~ adopting the right unit measurementsIn international trade, the quantity of modities is always shown as a specific amount in different measurement units such as weight, number, length, area and volume, etc. Since different modities have different natures and characteristics, the adoption of measurement units varies. Therefore, the quantity of the contract modity must be measured in the right measurement unit.~ being aware of different measurement unitsDue to the existence of different measurement systems in the world, traders need to be aware of the consistency of system. A notable fact is that some units in different systems carry the same name though。 they are indicating standards of measurement with significant difference. In addition, it is true that due to the local background and customary practice, different countries adopt different systems of measurement. Therefore, traders need to clarify the use of unit and measurement system to avoid unnecessary disputes.~ making use of the more or less clause which allows the seller to have flexibility in making shipment because absolute quantity is difficult or even impossible to handle .More or less clause refers to the stipulation constituting part of the quantity clause in the contract that allows the seller to deliver the goods with a certain percentage of more or less in quantity accordingly. The use of more or less clause is for the sake of efficient shipment and less plexity in contract execution because in practice it is not that easy to control the quantity of goods supplied strictly and exactly.VI. Case Studies1. XYZ Company signed a contract to export Red Dates. The contract specified that the dates should be Grade 3. But at the time of shipment, there were not enough thirdgrade dates on hand for delivery. As a result, dates of higher quality, Grade 2, were used as substitutes. The seller proudly marked the invoice, Dates of Grade 2 sold at the price of Grade 3.(1) Could the buyer refuse to accept the goods? Why or why not?(2) Would you do differently if you were the seller? How?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：1)聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷(xiāo)售合同公約第三十五條(1)賣(mài)方交付的貨物必須與合同所規(guī)定的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和規(guī)格相符，并須按照合同所規(guī)定的方式裝箱或包裝；2)合同本身的品質(zhì)規(guī)定是“Grade 3”；3)實(shí)際所交貨物的品質(zhì)是“Grade 2”。(1)答案：Yes，買(mǎi)方可以拒收貨物。不論品質(zhì)比規(guī)定的好或差，只要實(shí)際所交貨物的品質(zhì)與合同本身的品質(zhì)規(guī)定不同，就是不符。在此情況下，買(mǎi)方有權(quán)利拒收貨物。答題切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)不符的理解。(2)答案：Yes，如果我是賣(mài)方，我會(huì)與買(mǎi)方磋商，尋求買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方都能接受的處理方法。答題切入點(diǎn)：與買(mǎi)方磋商解決。 Company sent a sample of exporting goods to a German buyer during negotiation. Later, a contract was signed, and the provision of the goods was, Moisture: 14%。 Impurity: 4%. Before shipment, the seller again cabled the buyer, Quality as per sample. After taking the delivery, the buyer had the goods inspected. Although the quality conformed to the terms of the contract, it was lower than that of the sample by 7%. As a result, the buyer filed a claim for pensation. Did the seller make any mistake? Why or why not?析：答案：Yes，買(mǎi)方可以向賣(mài)方提出索賠，因?yàn)橘u(mài)方交付的貨物的品質(zhì)與樣品不符；在這筆交易中，賣(mài)方犯了起碼兩個(gè)錯(cuò)誤：錯(cuò)誤1)：品質(zhì)條款沒(méi)有品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)某些產(chǎn)品(如農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品等)的質(zhì)量具一定的不穩(wěn)定性，為了交易的順利進(jìn)行，在規(guī)定其品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的同時(shí)，應(yīng)制定一定的品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度，允許賣(mài)方所交的貨物的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)在一定的幅度內(nèi)有靈活性。否則單一的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)難以達(dá)到，往往給賣(mài)方履行合同帶來(lái)困難。答題的切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)條款錯(cuò)誤2)：品質(zhì)規(guī)定用了雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既憑合同規(guī)格買(mǎi)賣(mài)，又憑樣品買(mǎi)賣(mài)。表示品質(zhì)的方法很多，品質(zhì)條款應(yīng)視商品的特性而定，采取合理的品質(zhì)規(guī)定。凡是能用一種方法表示某種品質(zhì)的，一般就不宜用兩種或兩種以上的方法來(lái)表示。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷(xiāo)售合同公約，如同時(shí)采用既憑樣品又憑規(guī)格買(mǎi)賣(mài)，則要求賣(mài)方交付的貨物的品質(zhì)必須既與樣品一致，又要符合合同所規(guī)定規(guī)格，要做到兩全其美，難以辦到，往往給賣(mài)方履行合同帶來(lái)困難。答題的切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)規(guī)定的雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既憑合同規(guī)格又憑樣品買(mǎi)賣(mài)。3. ABC Company signed a contract to export rice. The quantity was 10 000 tons. After taking the delivery, the foreign buyer demanded an additional 160 metric tons of rice. What went wrong?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：合約中的數(shù)量為“噸”，是不明確的規(guī)定?！皣崱保趯?shí)行公制的國(guó)家一般理解為公噸，每噸為1 000公斤；在實(shí)行英制的國(guó)家一般理解為長(zhǎng)噸，每噸為1 016公斤；在實(shí)行美制的國(guó)家一般理解為短噸，每噸為907公斤。所以，當(dāng)賣(mài)方理解為公噸，每噸為1 000公斤；而買(mǎi)方理解為長(zhǎng)噸，每噸為1 016公斤是，這份合約下賣(mài)方實(shí)際交貨的數(shù)量與買(mǎi)方預(yù)期收貨數(shù)量的差別為160公噸[(1 016kg1 000kg)100 000=160 000kg = 160 metric tons]。答案：是買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方對(duì)合約數(shù)量規(guī)定的“噸”有不同的理解。答題的切入點(diǎn)：1)數(shù)量規(guī)定不明確；2)不同度量衡制度下的“噸”表示的實(shí)際數(shù)量不同。4. A Beijing pany signed a contract to import wool from Australia. The quantity was specified as 20 M/T. When the wool was delivered, it had a regain of 33%.(1) What is a regain rate?(2) Why did the buyer get a bad deal?(3) If the standard regain is 10% , and actual regain is 33% , what is the conditioned weight?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：1)文中提到合同約定的數(shù)量是“20MT”，應(yīng)理解為凈重。因?yàn)橛?jì)算重量的方法有毛重，凈重，公量等，而根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷(xiāo)售合同公約第五十六條，如果價(jià)格是按貨物的重量規(guī)定的，如有疑問(wèn)，應(yīng)按凈重確定。2)合同商品的羊毛，具有較強(qiáng)的吸濕性，其所含的水分受客觀環(huán)境的影響較大，故其重量很不穩(wěn)定。為了準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算這類(lèi)商品的重量，國(guó)際貿(mào)易中買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方通常會(huì)約定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(公定)回潮率，采用按公量計(jì)算的辦法。(1)答案：回潮是指貨物(纖維材料)在環(huán)境溫度下吸濕含水的現(xiàn)象。回潮率則是指貨物(纖維材料)含水重量占貨物(纖維材料)干重的百分比。答題的切入點(diǎn)：回潮(率)的概念。(2)答案：買(mǎi)方這筆交易不劃算。因?yàn)楹贤袥](méi)有明確規(guī)定計(jì)算重量的方法，只能按凈重計(jì)算。因此當(dāng)賣(mài)方實(shí)際交貨的羊毛，因具有較強(qiáng)的吸濕性而其所含的水分高達(dá)33%是，買(mǎi)方也別無(wú)他法，只得按凈重(連帶33%的水分)計(jì)算付款。答題的切入點(diǎn)：合同約定計(jì)算重量的方法不明確。(3)答案：如按公量計(jì)算，這批貨只有16．54公噸。計(jì)算：Conditioned Weight=Actual Weight[(1+Standard Regain Rate)/(1+Actual Regain Rate)]=20[(1+10%)/(1+33%)]=答題的切入點(diǎn)：公量的計(jì)算。5. KH Company was exporting bicycles to the US. The contract stipulated, Packed in wooden case. Although the letter of credit stated, Packed in wooden case C. K. D. , the exporter packed the bicycles as usual (SKD). The invoice and shipping documents were marked C. K. D. . But at the port of destination, the customs imposed a severe penalty on the goods, and the buyer demanded pensation from the seller. Was the buyer entitled to the pensation?( C. K. D. : Completely Knocked Down, S. K. D. : Semi Knocked Down)析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：導(dǎo)致買(mǎi)方被海關(guān)罰款的原因是單貨不符。單貨不符的原因是賣(mài)方實(shí)際交貨的包裝與信用證規(guī)定不符；導(dǎo)致實(shí)際交貨的包裝與信用證規(guī)定不符的原因是信用證規(guī)定的包裝與合同不符(或合同規(guī)定不夠詳細(xì)明確)。答案：Yes，買(mǎi)方應(yīng)得到賠償。答題的切入點(diǎn)：導(dǎo)致買(mǎi)方被海關(guān)罰款的直接原因；單貨不符的責(zé)任方。Chapter 5 Cargo Transportation 12345678910I. Multiple choicesDBCDBAACBAII. True or false statementsTFTFTFFFTTIII. Calculation1. The price quoted by an exporter