【導(dǎo)讀】句子是文章的基本單位。成功的作品是由清晰而合乎語法規(guī)則的句子組成的。獲得高分的法寶。寫作要求精練，因?yàn)?，?jiǎn)潔的表達(dá)能起到更加強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用。我們要寫出效果好、使用較長的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，如并列句和從屬句等；3）避免不必要的重復(fù)。來表達(dá)，因?yàn)榫渥颖榷陶Z顯得更重要。過多地使用從句會(huì)把次要的與主要的概念。混為一談，削弱句子的重點(diǎn)。有時(shí)為了構(gòu)成平行的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的目的，我們會(huì)重復(fù)使用某些詞語。是，無目的地重復(fù)會(huì)導(dǎo)致笨拙。所以本句可改為：。寫作時(shí)要吸引讀者的興趣，句子就需生動(dòng)、充滿活力。厭，注意力分散。長句和短句各有各的特點(diǎn)，各有各的用場(chǎng)。復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容，敘事具體、說理嚴(yán)密。作中應(yīng)當(dāng)交錯(cuò)使用長句和短句，使句子的長短多樣化，增加語言的表現(xiàn)力。靠運(yùn)氣不如靠勇氣。邏輯關(guān)系沒能用句法手段表達(dá)出來。為了使文字更為生動(dòng)，意義更加明確，可做。切忌所有的句子都用相同的句型或句子結(jié)構(gòu)，使文章讀起來單調(diào)乏味。

　　

【正文】 d into more lucrative（賺錢的，有利潤的） fields. 第 16 頁 共 95 頁 本段的主題是為什么那么多的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生從商，而不從事教學(xué)工作。作者運(yùn)用對(duì)比法， 說明由于兩種職業(yè)之間存在著越來越大的收入差異，所以有好多學(xué)生畢業(yè)后選擇從商，而不選擇從教。 A single spark can start a prairie fire.——星星之火，可以燎原。 There are striking similarities between two of the most popular . presidents, Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy. Both men had their elections legally challenged. Lincoln and Kennedy are both remembered for their sense of humor, as well as for their interest in civil rights. Lincoln?s secretary was Mrs. Kennedy。 Kennedy?s secretary was Mrs. Lincoln. Neither man took the advice of his secretary not to make a public appearance on the day on which he was assassinated. Lincoln and Kennedy were both killed on Friday in the presence of their wives. And finally, the same caisson（彈藥車） carried the bodies of both men in their funeral processions. 本段采用對(duì)比法通過第一種途徑展開段落。這里，作者將美國歷史上兩位偉大的總統(tǒng)林肯與肯尼迪從六個(gè)方面作了比較，描述他們的相似之處。 六、分類法 分類法是按一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)事物進(jìn)行歸類的一種段落發(fā)展方法。通過分類，可以使文章脈絡(luò)一目了然。例如： Astronomers have been able to classify stars according to color. They have discovered that stars with different colors have different sizes, and their surface temperatures are also different. The larger a star is, the higher surface temperature it has. Stars are generally divided into five kinds: blue, white, yellow, orange and red. Blue stars are the largest ones, with a diameter of 16,000,000 kilometers. Their surface temperature is also the hottest, as high as 25,000 degrees centigrade. White stars e next, whose diameter is 2,700,000 kilometers and whose surface temperature is 11,000 degrees centigrade. Then there are yellow stars, 1,600,000 in diameter and 6,000 degrees centigrade in surface temperature. Orange stars are still smaller. They have a diameter of 1,000,000 kilometers and a surface temperature of 5,000 degrees centigrade. The smallest kind of stars appears red in color. Their diameter is only one twentieth of that of blue stars, that is, 800,000 kilometers, and their surface temperature is only 3,000 degrees centigrade. 第 17 頁 共 95 頁 One?s sin will find one out. 壞事終歸要敗露。 本段落的第二句話是段落主題句，說明不同顏色的星球其大小及表面溫度各不相同。本段落分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)非常清楚。段落一開始就指出星球可以按顏色進(jìn)行分類。后來又明確指出星球一般被分成五種類型：蘭、白、黃、橙和紅色。接著，作者運(yùn)用分類，清楚地層層展開，發(fā)展段落。 There are two kinds of sports: “amateur” and “professional”. Amateur athletes do not receive money for peting in sports. Olympic athletes, for example, are amateurs. They do not receive money. Professional athletes, on the other hand, do earn money. Some professional athletes earn a million dollars or more a year. They need this money to support themselves and they can save some for their future. 本段的主題句也在段落開頭，指出運(yùn)動(dòng)有兩種形式：業(yè)余的和專業(yè)的。然后，作者采用分類法發(fā)展段落，分門別類地對(duì)業(yè)余類（ amateur athletes）和專業(yè)類（ professional athletes）進(jìn)行解釋說明，使段落主題更明確地展示在讀者面前，段落層次清楚，中心思想統(tǒng)一明了。 Examinations fall into three kinds. One is the machine scored “objective” type. In an objective test, the students answer questions by deciding on best choice among a number of alternatives given. Another is the “pletion” type. This kind of examination requires the students to add a word or phrase to plete a sentence. And the third type is the essay examination, in which the students are asked to write a position on a given topic. All these kinds of examinations are designed to reveal what a student may have learned in any particular course. 本段采用分類法來展開段落。主題句在段落開頭，指出 “考試可分三種類型 ”。然后，作者運(yùn)用 One is the machine scored “objective type”, Another is the “pletion type”,” And the third type is the essay examination” 來清楚地將考試分類闡述，段落脈絡(luò)一目了然，層次十分分明。 七、定義法 定義法是通過簡(jiǎn)單易懂而且準(zhǔn)確的語言闡明某事物的性質(zhì)和特征來發(fā)展段落，使讀者對(duì)某事物比較抽象的或是難以把握的一些 特征有一個(gè)較清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。定義法常用于說明、描寫和論證，以提供更多的具體解釋來說明某一概念或術(shù)語。 第 18 頁 共 95 頁 請(qǐng)看下面的例子： Love is a very general term. It refers to a strong feeling of fondness for another person. It can happen between people of the opposite sex or between members of a family. No matter where it happens, love can always bring happiness to people. 這也是采用定義法發(fā)展段落的好例子。段落一開始，作者先指出，愛是一個(gè)常見的字眼，意義很泛。緊接著用 It refers to ...來對(duì)愛 (love)進(jìn)行定義解釋，清楚簡(jiǎn)單，意思明白。 Poetry is a branch of literature which explores ideas, emotions, and experiences in a distinctive form and style. Poetry, sometimes called “verse”, depends greatly on the natural rhythms and sounds of language for its special effects. Poetry, even more than prose (all other writings), depends on precise and suggestive wording. In other words, a poem says much in little space. Poetry differs from prose in obvious ways, also. Most often the first word of every line begins with a capital letter, even in the middle of a sentence. Poems sometimes contain rhyme, and often they have a particular rhythm, like music. 本段通過下定義的方法說明什么是詩歌。段落一開始就指出詩歌是一種文學(xué)形式。作者在段落首句里用一個(gè) which引導(dǎo)的定語從句直接對(duì) Poetry進(jìn)行定義、解釋。后來，還利用同散文（ prose）的簡(jiǎn)單對(duì)比，將詩歌的特點(diǎn)淋漓盡致地展示給讀者。 A good name is better than riches.——聲譽(yù)勝于財(cái)富。 八、因果法 因果法是說明事態(tài)發(fā)展的原因和結(jié)果之間聯(lián)系的，常用在說明文或議論文中?？梢韵戎v原因，后給結(jié)果，也可以先給結(jié)果，后講原因。這要視實(shí)際需要而定。也有一些段落結(jié)果是顯而易見的，就集中說明 原因；有的段落正好相反，就集中說明結(jié)果，因?yàn)樵虿谎宰悦鳌? 請(qǐng)看下面的實(shí)例： Homes that are improperly insulated may cause problems for their habitants. First of all, it will cost more to heat such a house than one that is well insulated. Second, it will waste energy. Third, it will make the house unfortable to live in because drafts or cold air is able perate the poorly insulated walls. Also, the poorly 第 19 頁 共 95 頁 insulated walls could cause the inhabitants to have more colds, a health problem that results in higher expenses for doctors and medicine. 本段第一句是主題句，指出導(dǎo)致 problem for their habitants 的是 homes that are improperly insulated。然后集中筆墨闡明結(jié)果，在這里即 problems。 So why do manufacturers keep on designing and producing VCRs that are awkward to use if the problems are so obvious? First, the problems we notice are not obvious to technically minded designers with years of experience and trained to understand how appliances work. Secondly, designers tend to add one or two feature