【導(dǎo)讀】爾和泰勒曼齊名。是音樂(lè)史上最重要的作曲家之一，

　　

【正文】 們已經(jīng)釋放出 4000 億噸碳。當(dāng)化石燃料全部用完時(shí)，世界溫度將上升 13 攝氏度。更恐怖的是，這將會(huì)導(dǎo)致所有熱帶雨林的破壞和北極冰的溶解。 第二十七篇 Driven to Distraction Joe Coyne slides into the driver’ s eat, starts up the car and heads to town. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him. But even if he hadn’ t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn’ t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn’ t really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a puterized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University (ODU) examine how invehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel. The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting — or whether any distractions are offset by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations. “ We ’ re looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor leading the research, which involves measuring drivers’ reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues. The researchers just pleted a study of the mental workload involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy vs. light traffic. Preliminary results show that as people “ get into more challenging driving situations, they don’ t have any extra mental energy to respond to something else in the environment,” Baldwin said. But the tradeoffs could be worth it, she said. This next step is to test different ways of giving drivers navigational information and how those methods change the drivers’ mental workload. “ Is it best if they see a picture?that shows their position, a map kind of display?” Baldwin said. “ Is it best if they hear it?” navigational systems now on the market give pointbypoint directions that follow a prescribed route. “ They’ re very unfiving,” Baldwin said. “ If 357 mess microscopic M you miss a turn, they can almost seem to get angry.” That style of directions also can be frustrating for people who prefer more general instructions. But such broad directions can confuse drivers who prefer route directions, Baldwin said. Perhaps manufacturers should allow drivers to choose the style of directions they want, or modify systems to present some information in a way that makes sense for people who prefer the survey style, she said. Interestingly, other research has shown that about 60 percent of men prefer the survey style, while 60 percent women prefer the route style, Baldwin said. This explains the classic little thing of why men don’t like to stop and ask for directions and women do, Baldwin added. 練習(xí)： 1. Which statement is true of the description in the first two paragraphs? A. If Coyne had stopped the car in time, he wouldn’ t have hit the woman. B. The woman would have been knocked over, if Coyne had followed the traffic regulations. C. Coyne is not really driving so it is impossible for him to have hit the woman. D. If the woman had not crossed the street suddenly, Coyne would not have hit her. 2. What do researchers want to find out, according to the third and fourth paragraphs? A. Whether or not audible or written directions are distracting. B. how long it will take the driver to respond to auditory and visual stimuli. C. How the driver perform under certain metal workload. D. All of the above. 3. What are the preliminary results given in the fifth paragraph? A. Drivers are afraid of getting into challenging driving situations. B. In challenging driving situations, drivers still have extra energy to handle other things. C. In challenging driving situations, drivers do not have any additional mental energy to deal with something else. D. Drivers’ mental load remains unchanged under different situations. 358 mess microscopic M 4. The sixth paragraph mainly state that the researchers. A. is designing a visual navigational information system. B. is designing an audio navigational information system. C. is designing an audiovisual navigational information system. D. want to determine the best ways of giving navigational information system. 5. What kind of directions do men and women prefer? A. Women prefer more general directions and men prefer route directions. B. Men prefer more general directions and women prefer route direction. C. Both men and women prefer general directions. D. Both men and women prefer route directions. 答案與解釋 : 1. C 根據(jù)第一段和第二段的內(nèi)容，讀者可以知道，這不是 Coyne 真實(shí)的駕車(chē)經(jīng)歷。第二段的第一句是虛擬語(yǔ)氣，意思是即使他沒(méi)有及時(shí)剎車(chē)，那位婦女也是安全的。因此 A、 B 和 D 都不符合句意。 2. D 第三段告訴我們，研究者要了解什么樣的駕車(chē)指南會(huì)使回車(chē)者分心。第四段告訴我們，他們要研究駕車(chē)者在駕駛中的精神負(fù)荷，測(cè)試駕車(chē)者對(duì)聲音和圖像的反應(yīng)，包括反映時(shí)間和大腦活動(dòng)。所以， D是正確選項(xiàng)。 3. C 第五段昀后一句提供了答案。 4. D 根據(jù)本段第一句可以得知答案。 文章的昀后四段討論駕車(chē)指南的兩種類(lèi)型：第九段使用的兩個(gè)表達(dá)是： general instructions 和 route directions 即是第八段中的 pointbypoint directions that follow a prescribed route；第十段和第十一段使用的表達(dá)是： survey style 和 route style 。 因 此 ， general instructions 或 general directions 指的是一種傳遞總體信息的駕車(chē)指南， pointbypoint directions 和 route style 是一種傳遞具體路線信息的駕車(chē)指南。根據(jù)昀后一段的描述，大多數(shù)男士偏向于 general directions ， 而 女 士 則 偏 向 于 pointbypoint directions，即 route style。 359 mess microscopic M 譯文： 分散注意力駕駛 JoeCoyne 滑進(jìn)駕駛室，發(fā)動(dòng)汽車(chē)朝城里開(kāi)去。空蕩蕩的那段州際公路結(jié)束了，進(jìn)入到擁塞的城市。這時(shí)，一個(gè)行人突然從 Coyne的車(chē)前 穿過(guò)，他急忙緊急剎車(chē)。 但是，就算 Coyne 來(lái)不及剎車(chē)，那個(gè)婦女也不會(huì)有事兒。因?yàn)?，她是一個(gè)假人。整座城市也是假的。 Coyne并不是真的在開(kāi)車(chē)。他只是在演示一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)操控的駕駛模擬器，幫助 OldDominion 大學(xué)的研究者們檢測(cè)車(chē)內(nèi)導(dǎo)向系統(tǒng)如何影響開(kāi)車(chē)人。 研究者們希望了解駕駛員在陌生環(huán)境里從這一系統(tǒng)提供的那些語(yǔ)音或書(shū)面的說(shuō)明中得到的導(dǎo)路指南等益處是