【正文】 ?？蛻舴?wù)需求水平提高物流中的五個(gè)“合適”（RIGHT），即：把合適的產(chǎn)品（THE RIGHT PRODUCT），在合適的地點(diǎn)（IN THE RIGHT PLACE），以適當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)量（IN THE RIGHT QUANTITY）和適當(dāng)?shù)膬r(jià)格（AT THE RIGHT PRICE），在所需要的時(shí)間（AT THE RIGHT TIME）提供給顧客，日益成為衡量客戶服務(wù)的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。服務(wù)質(zhì)量要求的提高和配送的多樣性，要求不僅要能夠提供門對(duì)門運(yùn)輸及有關(guān)的基本服務(wù)，還要能夠提供相關(guān)的物流增值服務(wù)。物流業(yè)發(fā)展的需要中國(guó)物流業(yè)經(jīng)過近幾年的發(fā)展，已經(jīng)具備了相當(dāng)規(guī)模，但是從總體上還不能適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要，物流效益不高，與世界先進(jìn)水平尚有很大差距，還未形成真正意義上的“第三方物流”企業(yè)。主要存在以下幾方面問題：l 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施能力不足。交通運(yùn)輸能力仍不能滿足運(yùn)輸需求，倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)設(shè)施落后。l 物流專業(yè)化服務(wù)程度低，技術(shù)裝備落后。現(xiàn)代化的集裝箱、散裝運(yùn)輸發(fā)展不快；高效專用運(yùn)輸車輛少；裝卸搬運(yùn)的機(jī)械化水平低。l 管理落后、規(guī)模小、信息化程度低，造成成本過高。二、目前物流市場(chǎng)分析根據(jù)1992年全國(guó)第三產(chǎn)業(yè)普查資料,把交通運(yùn)輸、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)、代理和批發(fā)等行業(yè)的成本費(fèi)用之和與1992年國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值進(jìn)行比較,%。如果考慮其他相關(guān)流通環(huán)節(jié)的費(fèi)用和流通過程中的物流損失，全社會(huì)物流費(fèi)用支出約占當(dāng)年國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值的20%以上。根據(jù)1992年國(guó)家投入產(chǎn)出表，%，%，%，%，%。如果從物流業(yè)總體費(fèi)用考慮，有關(guān)資料顯示，物流費(fèi)用占商品總成本的比重，從帳面反映已超過40%。曾參與深圳市現(xiàn)代物流發(fā)展政策研究的美國(guó)蓋蘭德國(guó)際咨詢公司的物流專家分析說，全世界很難找到像廣東這樣生產(chǎn)如此密集、交通如此發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)，這是一個(gè)潛在的物流大市場(chǎng)。中國(guó)的入世使香港門戶優(yōu)勢(shì)正逐步減弱，從成本角度考慮，托運(yùn)人與第三方物流公司今后會(huì)更多地選擇內(nèi)地港口進(jìn)出口貨物而逐漸放棄選擇香港。就發(fā)展物流業(yè)來(lái)說，廣東在資源上有很大的潛力，2001年，廣東GDP為10556億元，占全國(guó)總量的11%。廣東經(jīng)濟(jì)總量大，外向型經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)，工業(yè)產(chǎn)品中60%～70%銷往外省和國(guó)外，外貿(mào)進(jìn)出口總額占全國(guó)的40%。輕工、家電、醫(yī)藥、建材、電子信息等產(chǎn)品優(yōu)勢(shì)比較明顯。特區(qū)成立22年來(lái)，深圳從一個(gè)邊陲小鎮(zhèn)發(fā)展成為綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力位居中國(guó)各大城市第四位的現(xiàn)代化大都市。1980年至2001年間，%，%，%。2001年，深圳市GDP已達(dá)1954億元，人均GDP按現(xiàn)行匯率折算達(dá)5237美元，居中國(guó)內(nèi)地各大中城市之首。中國(guó)海關(guān)公布的2001年外貿(mào)出口200強(qiáng)名單中，廣東省有73家企業(yè)，深圳市29家，深圳市的外貿(mào)出口占全國(guó)出口總額的14%。整個(gè)廣東經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，形成了強(qiáng)大的綜合物流需求，這是發(fā)展現(xiàn)代物流最根本的內(nèi)驅(qū)力。據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)有關(guān)學(xué)者保守估計(jì)、我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)物流產(chǎn)業(yè)需求總量呈逐年遞增趨勢(shì)(從第三方物流末段服務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)推論)，詳見下表（l）。中國(guó)倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)協(xié)會(huì)2000年3～4月組織的第二次全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的物流供求狀況調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)情況見下表（２）。第三方物流末段服務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)表 表（1）2000年2001年2002年 第三方物流末段占物流支出比例20％25％30% 第三方物流末段需求量136818812483 全國(guó)物流供求狀況調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)情況表 表（2） 執(zhí)行主體生產(chǎn)企業(yè)原材料商業(yè)企業(yè)物流生產(chǎn)企業(yè)成品銷售物流供貨方46%%% 公司自身36% % % 第三方18%%% 總 計(jì) 100%100%100%由表（2）可見。生產(chǎn)企業(yè)物流(包括原材料、產(chǎn)成品銷售物流)完全由第三方承擔(dān)的比重不大，商業(yè)企業(yè)物流就更少了。事實(shí)上，從參與交易的主體來(lái)看，企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間的交易規(guī)模遠(yuǎn)大于企業(yè)與顧客之間的交易。企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間交易的是中間產(chǎn)品，而企業(yè)與顧客之間交易的是最終產(chǎn)品，顯然，前者的交易額要比后者大得多，這說明我國(guó)的第三方物流企業(yè)還未占據(jù)這一廣闊的市場(chǎng)。廣東省政府最近出臺(tái)了《廣東省現(xiàn)代物流業(yè)“十五”計(jì)劃》，到2005年，我省將初步建成高效便捷、有效銜接的綜合集體運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)，建立起資源共享、開放安全的物流信息支撐體系，建立起面向市場(chǎng)、規(guī)范公平的政策法規(guī)和技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。物流業(yè)增加值到2005年將達(dá)到2700億元人民幣。由香港貿(mào)易發(fā)展局發(fā)布的一份研究報(bào)告中指出，中國(guó)第三方物流市場(chǎng)總值在2000年約為220億美元，占內(nèi)地整個(gè)物流市場(chǎng)10%。估計(jì)未來(lái)10年，內(nèi)地60%的大中型企業(yè)將會(huì)外包運(yùn)輸環(huán)節(jié)予外方供貨商?？梢姷谌轿锪魇袌?chǎng)的廣闊前景。另根據(jù)深圳市交通局貨運(yùn)分局的統(tǒng)計(jì)，深圳市物流業(yè)增加值近年來(lái)均以年平均12%的增長(zhǎng)率增長(zhǎng)，1998年，深圳市物流業(yè)增加值為204億元人民幣，%。行內(nèi)人士預(yù)計(jì)，到2010年，深圳市物流業(yè)的增加值將達(dá)到1000億元人民幣左右，占GDP比重達(dá)20%，物流業(yè)將成為深圳經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要支柱。2000年，深圳市的國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值、零售行業(yè)和外貿(mào)進(jìn)出口等繼續(xù)穩(wěn)步發(fā)展，各類經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)詳見下表（3）、下表（4）。深圳市的國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值、零售行業(yè)和外貿(mào)進(jìn)出口統(tǒng)計(jì)表 表（3）指標(biāo)名稱單位1999年2000年比上年增減%國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值億元社會(huì)消費(fèi)品零售總額億元商品銷售總額億元進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易總額億美元出口總額億美元進(jìn)口總額億美元46there, he will fly to Perth. My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very 5 No wrong numbers 無(wú)錯(cuò)號(hào)之虞 Mr James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhurst. Pinhurst is only five miles from Silbury, but Mr Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he has just bought twelve pigeons. Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury. The bird covered the distance in three minutes. Up to now, Mr Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other. In this way, he has begun his own private telephone 6 Percy Buttons 珀西巴頓斯I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street. Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door. He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer. In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs. I gave him a meal. He ate the food and drank the beer. Then he put a piece of cheese in his pocket and went away. Later a neighbour told me about him. Everybody knows him. His name is Percy Buttons. He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.Lesson 7 Too late 為時(shí)太晚 The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning. They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamond from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield. Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House. While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!Lesson 8 The best and the worst 最好的和最差的Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town. Nearly everybody enters for 39。The Nicest Garden Competition39。 each year, but Joe wins every time. Bill Frith39。s garden is larger than Joe39。s. Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joe39。s garden is more interesting. He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool. I like gardens too, but I do not like hard work. Every year I enter for the garden petition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town!Lesson 9 A cold wele 冷遇On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall. It was the last day of the year and a large crowd of people had gathered under the Town Hall clock. It would strike twelve in twenty minutes39。 time. Fifteen minutes passed and then, at five to twelve, the clock stopped. The big minute hand did not move. We waited and waited, but nothing happened. Suddenly someone shouted, 39。It39。s two minutes past twelve! The clock has stopped!39。 I looked at my watch. It was true. The big clock refused to wele the New Year. At that moment everybody began to laugh and sing.Lesson 10 Not for jazz 不適于演奏爵士樂We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord(翼琴). It was made in Germany in 1681. Our clavichord is kept in the livingroom. It has belong to our family for a long time. The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago. Recently it was damaged by a visitor. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken. My father was shocked. Now we are not allowed to touch it. It is being repaired by a friend of my father39。s.Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another 禮尚往來(lái)I was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry Steele came in. Harry worked in a lawyer39。s office years ago, but he is no