【導讀】介紹一下，一共包括四分講義，按順序看，學姐沒有看書，只看得講義，復習了一個星期，考了90多分，要對浪漫主義興起的時間，根源，主要特點，主要代表作家都有所了解。Wordsworth要知道他的“LyricalBallads”前言是英國浪漫主義時期開始的標志，也是宣言。要知道大致內容。羅米修斯”不同之處及其意義。注意Keats與Byron和Shelley的不同，Keats的詩歌沒有兩人那。么強的革命性，他的詩歌主要是為了締造一個唯美的世界，為了追求美而寫作的。勃朗特姐妹的小說雖然寫作在批判現(xiàn)實主義時期，但其作品有明顯的浪漫主義特色，形式上的完美，富于音樂性和色彩。

　　

【正文】 se. Many writers wrote novels with a purpose to edify readers amp。 to bring about reforms. ? Victorian Poets Although the novel was the predominating genre of literature in the Victorian age, it does not follow that there were no prominent poets after the deaths of major Romantic poets. In fact, poets like Alfred Tennyson (18091892), Robert Browning (18121889), Elizabeth Barrett Browning (18061861), amp。 Matthew Arnold (18221888) were important in the sense not only that they wrote highly lyrical poems as the Romaticists did, but also that they in their poetry reflected the spiritual search which was characteristic of the age. ? Terms—Critical Realism Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the method of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues. Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist who applies this method. ? Terms—Dramatic Monologue Dramatic Monologue, in literature, refers to the occurrence of a single speaker saying something to a silent audience. Robert Browning‘s My Last Duchess is a typical example in which the duke, speaking to a nonresponding audience, reveals not only the reasons for his disapproval of the behavior of his former duchess, but some tyrannical and merciless aspects of his own personality as well. Charles Dickens (18121870) ―He was a sympathizer to the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed。 and by his death, one of England39。s greatest writers is lost to the world.‖ ——The Epitaph of Charles Dickens 16 ? Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. His works are intended to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness of the 19th century England, particularly London. All his works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos. ? Major works The First Period 1836 Sketches by Boz 《博茲隨筆》 1837 The Pickwick Papers 《匹克威克外傳》 18371838 Oliver Twist 《霧都孤兒》 criticizes the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life. 18381839 Nicholas Nickleby 《尼古拉斯 .尼科爾貝》 1840 The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》 The Second Period 1842 American Notes 《美國札記》 1843 Martin Chuzzlewit 《馬丁 .瞿述傳》 1843 A Christmas Carol 《圣誕歡歌》（圣誕故事集） 1844 The Chimes 《鐘聲》（圣誕故事集） 1846 Dombey and Son 《董貝父子》 1849 David Copperfield 《大衛(wèi) .科波菲爾》 is about the debtor‘s prison. The Third Period 1852 Bleak House 《荒涼山莊》 attacks the legal system and practices that aim at devouring every penny of the clients. 1853 Hard Times 《艱難時世》 lashes the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds. 1854 Little Dorrit 《小杜麗》 1859 A Tale of Two Cities 《雙城記》 1860 Great Expectations 《遠大前程》 expose the overwhelming social environment which brings moral degeneration and destruction to people. 1864 Our Mutual Friend 《我們共同的朋友》 ? The characteristics of Charles Dickens’ works 17 （ 1） As a novelist, Charles Dickens was first remembered for his sketches of characters and exaggeration. As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities. （ 2） Dickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric or laughable. （ 3） Dickens loved plicated and fascinating plot in his novels. He is also skillful at creating suspense and mystery to make the story fascinating. A plot formula in his novel is the happy ending. （ 4） As the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality and justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem. William Makepeace Thackeray (18111863) ? William Makepeace Thackeray is one of the most important writers of the English critical realism. Through his masterpiece Vanity Fair, Thackeray sharply exposes the vices of his society: hypocrisy, moneyworship, and moral degradation. ? Major works The Book of Snobs 184647《勢利人臉譜》《勢利者集》 Vanity Fair 184748《名利場》 The History of Pendennis 184950《彭登尼斯》 The Newes 185355《紐克姆一家》 The History of Henny Esmond 《亨利 ?埃斯蒙德》 1852 The Virginians 《弗吉尼亞人》 1859 ? The Analysis of Vanity Fair General Introduction—Vanity Fair is Thackeray39。s masterpiece. It was published in 184748 in monthly installments. The title— was taken from Bunyan39。s “ Pilgrim39。s Progress‖. The subtitle —of the book, ―A Novel Without a Hero‖, suggests the fact that writer 39。 s intention was not to portray individuals, but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole. Main idea—In this novel Thackeray describes the life of the ruling classes of England in the early decades of the 19th century, and attacks the social relationship of the bourgeois world by satirizing the individuals in the different strata of the upper society. It is a world where money grubbing is the main motive for all members of the ruling classes. 18 The heroin— is Rebecca Sharp who is a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by any means fair or foul. Sharp is charming and pretty, but she is ambitious. Driven by her ambition, she has bee a merciless social climber. As her name suggests, Becky Sharp is determined to carve out a place for herself in Vanity Fair. She succeeds in establishing herself in Vanity Fair at the cost of lives of two men and the alienation of all her friends and family. But she enjoys the battle. ? The characteristics of Thackeray’s novels （ 1） Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19thcentury