【正文】 場 (b) 資本市場 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Equilibrium in Markets for Land and Capital u Each factor’s rental price must equal the value of their marginal product. u They each earn the value of their marginal contribution to the production process. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 土地和資本市場的均衡 u 每種要素的租賃價格 一定等于那種要素的邊際產(chǎn)量值。 u 每種要素各自賺到了它們對生產(chǎn)過程的邊際貢獻的價值。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Linkages Among the Factors of Production Factors of production are used together. u The marginal product of any one factor depends on the quantities of all factors that are available. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 生產(chǎn)要素之間的聯(lián)系 在大多數(shù)情況下，生產(chǎn)要素組合在一起使用。 u 任何一種要素的邊際產(chǎn)量依賴于其它要素的可獲得量。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Linkages Among the Factors of Production 生產(chǎn)要素之間的聯(lián)系 A change in the supply of one factor alters the earnings of all the factors. 任何一種生產(chǎn)要素的變化都會改變所有要素的收入。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Linkages Among the Factors of Production 生產(chǎn)要素之間的聯(lián)系 A change in earnings of any factor can be found by analyzing the impact of the event on the value of the marginal product of that factor. 通過分析某個事件對那種要素邊際產(chǎn)量值的影響來找出任何一種要素收入的變化。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary n The economy’s ine is distributed in the markets for the factors of production. n The three most important factors of production are labor, land, and capital. n The demand for a factor, such as labor, is a derived demand that es from firms that use the factors to produce goods and services. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) u 經(jīng)濟的收入是在生產(chǎn)要素市場上分配的。 u 三個最重要的生產(chǎn)要素是勞動、土地和資本。 u 要素需求（例如勞動）是一種派生需求，它產(chǎn)生于用這些要素生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的企業(yè)。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary u Competitive, profitmaximizing firms hire each factor up to the point at which the value of the marginal product of the factor equals its price. u The supply of labor arises from individuals’ tradeoff between work and leisure. u An upwardsloping labor supply curve means that people respond to an increase in the wage by enjoying less leisure and working more hours. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) u 競爭的、追求利潤最大化的企業(yè)使用每一種要素的量要達到該要素的邊際產(chǎn)量值等于其價格這一點上。 u 勞動的供給產(chǎn)生于個人在工作和閑暇之間的權(quán)衡取舍。 u 向右上方傾斜的勞動供給曲線意味著人們對工資上升的反應(yīng)是享受較少的閑暇和更長時間的工作。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary u The price paid to each factor adjusts to balance the supply and demand for that factor. u Because factor demand reflects the value of the marginal product of that factor, in equilibrium each factor is pensated according to its marginal contribution to the production of goods and services. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) u 支付給每種要素的價格的調(diào)節(jié)使該要素的供求平衡。 u 由于要素需求反映了那種因素的邊際產(chǎn)量值，在均衡時每種要素根據(jù)其對物品和勞務(wù)生產(chǎn)的邊際貢獻得到報酬。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary u Because factors of production are used together, the marginal product of any one factor depends on the quantities of all factors that are available. u As a result, a change in the supply of one factor alters the equilibrium earnings of all the factors. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) u 由于生產(chǎn)要素是同時使用，所以，任何一種要素的邊際產(chǎn)量都取決于可以得到的所有要素量。 u 結(jié)果，一種要素供給的變化改變了所有要素的均衡收入。