chap18勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語-wenkub
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【正文】 d items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Figure 2 The Production Function 生產(chǎn)函數(shù) 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quantity of Apple Pickers 摘蘋果工人數(shù)量 Quantity of Apples 蘋果數(shù)量 1 2 3 4 5 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 生產(chǎn)函數(shù)隨著工人數(shù)量增加而變得越來越平坦。 隨著工人數(shù)量增加，勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量遞減。 As more and more workers are hired, each additional worker contributes less to production than the prior one. 228。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 生產(chǎn)函數(shù)與勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量 勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量 —— 增加的一個(gè)單位勞動(dòng)所引起的產(chǎn)量增加量。2022 SouthWestern Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Demand for Labor 勞動(dòng)需求 Labor markets, like other markets in the economy, are governed by the forces of supply and demand. 與經(jīng)濟(jì)中的其它市場(chǎng)一樣，勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)也是由供求力量支配的。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Market for the Factors of Production The demand for a factor of production is a derived demand. uA firm’s demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in another market. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。6 THE ECONOMICS OF LABOR MARKETS 勞動(dòng) 市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) The Economics of Labor Markets 勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) Chapter 18 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng) 生產(chǎn)要素的需求是 派生需求。 Figure 1 The Versatility of Supply and Demand Quantity of Apples 0 Price of Apples Demand Supply Demand Supply Quantity of Apple Pickers 0 Wage of Apple Pickers (a) The Market for Apples (b) The Market for Apple Pickers P Q L W Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Production Function and The Marginal Product of Labor The production function illustrates the relationship between the quantity of inputs used and the quantity of output of a good. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 表 1. 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性企業(yè)如何決定雇傭工人的數(shù)量 勞動(dòng)L產(chǎn)量Q勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量MPL勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量?jī)r(jià)值VMPL=PxMPL工資W邊際利潤0 01 100 100 $1,000 $500 $5002 180 80 $800 $500 $3003 240 60 $600 $500 $1004 280 40 $400 $500 $1005 300 20 $200 $500 $300D Pr o f i t V M P L W= MPL Q/ L= D DHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 MPL = DQ/DL MPL = (Q2 – Q1)/(L2 – L1) Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 The production function bees flatter as the number of workers rises. 228。 228。 228。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor and the Demand for Labor u The value of the marginal product is the marginal product of the input multiplied by the market price of the output. VMPL = MPL X P Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量值 u 邊際產(chǎn)量值（也被稱為邊際收益產(chǎn)量）以美元計(jì)算。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 邊際產(chǎn)量值與勞動(dòng)需求 u 為了實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤最大化，一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的、追求利潤最大化的企業(yè)雇傭工人人數(shù)到勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量值等于工資這一點(diǎn)上。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 圖 3. 勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量值 0 摘蘋果 工人數(shù)量 邊際 產(chǎn)量值 邊際產(chǎn)量值 （勞動(dòng)需求曲線） 市場(chǎng) 工資 利潤最大化產(chǎn)量 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. What Causes the Labor Demand Curve to Shift? 什么引起勞動(dòng)需求曲線移動(dòng)？ u Output Price 產(chǎn)品價(jià)格 u Technological Change 技術(shù)變革 u Supply of Other factors 其他要素的供給 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u The wage equals the value of the marginal product of labor. 工資等于勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量值。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Equilibrium in the Labor Market 勞動(dòng)市場(chǎng)的均衡 u Labor supply and labor demand determine the equilibrium wage. 勞動(dòng)供給和需求共同決定了均衡工資。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 圖 5. 勞動(dòng)供給的移動(dòng) 工資 (勞動(dòng)的價(jià)格 ) W1 0 勞動(dòng)量 L1 供給 , S1 需求 2. … 工資 下降 … 3. … 以及就業(yè)增加。 Fi
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