chap10公共部門經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語-資料下載頁
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【正文】 llution only at a high cost. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 以市場為基礎(chǔ)的政策 ?可交易的污染許可證 允許排污權(quán)在企業(yè)之間自愿進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移。 ?交易這種許可證的市場將最終形成。 ?以低成本可以減少污染的企業(yè)愿意將污染許可證出賣給只有以高成本才能減少污染的企業(yè)。 ?污染量沒有增加，但污染許可證這一稀缺資源重新配置給對其評價更高的企業(yè)。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Equivalence of Pigovian Taxes and Pollution Permits Quantity of Pollution 0 Price of Pollution P Q Demand for pollution rights Pigovian tax (a) Pigovian Tax 2. ...which, together with the demand curve, determines the quantity of pollution. 1. A Pigovian tax sets the price of pollution... Quantity of Pollution 0 Q Demand for pollution rights Supply of pollution permits (b) Pollution Permits Price of Pollution P 2. ...which, together with the demand curve, determines the price of pollution. 1. Pollution permits set the quantity of pollution... Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 庇古稅和排污許可證的等效性 污染量 0 污染的價格 P Q 對排污權(quán) 的需求 庇古稅 (a) 庇古稅 2. … 庇古稅和需求 曲線決定污染量 1. 庇古稅決定污染價格 污染量 0 Q 對排污權(quán) 的需求 排污許可證的供給 (b) 污染許可證 污染的價格 P 2. … 許可證和需求 曲線決定污染的 價格 . 1. 污染許可證確定了污染量... Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ?When a transaction between a buyer and a seller directly affects a third party, the effect is called an externality. ?Negative externalities cause the socially optimal quantity in a market to be less than the equilibrium quantity. ?Positive externalities cause the socially optimal quantity in a market to be greater than the equilibrium quantity. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) ?當(dāng)一個買者和一個賣者之間的交易影響到第三方時，這種影響被稱為外部性。 ?負(fù)外部性導(dǎo)致一個市場中的社會最優(yōu)產(chǎn)量比市場均衡產(chǎn)量低。 ?正外部性導(dǎo)致一個市場中的社會最優(yōu)產(chǎn)量比市場均衡產(chǎn)量高。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ?Those affected by externalities can sometimes solve the problem privately. ?The Coase theorem states that if people can bargain without a cost, then they can always reach an agreement in which resources are allocated efficiently. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 小結(jié) ?受外部性影響的各方有時可以私下解決外部性問題。 ?科斯定理認(rèn)為，如果私人各方可以無成本地進(jìn)行協(xié)商談判，那么，他們就可以自己達(dá)成能使資源有效配置的協(xié)議，解決外部性問題。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary 小結(jié) ?When private parties cannot adequately deal with externalities, then the government steps in. 當(dāng)私人各方不能適當(dāng)?shù)亟鉀Q外部性問題時，政府就介入了。 ?The government can either regulate behavior or internalize the externality by using Pigovian taxes. 政府既可以通過管制行為也可以通過庇古稅使外部性內(nèi)在化，解決外部性問題。
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