【正文】 主句用過去完成時(shí)。如： We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door. ? Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced. ? (表示 1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況 ) ? (2)by+將來時(shí)間、 by the time/ when +謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來完成時(shí)。如： ? By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. ? I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we e back next year. ? (3)by now、 since +過去時(shí)間、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具體數(shù)字 )years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) ,但在 it is +具體時(shí)間 since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。如： ? The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed pletely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century. ? It is four years since John left school. 動(dòng)名詞做介詞短語時(shí) 下列短語中的 to是介詞 ? object to, ? resort to, ? react to, ? contribute to, ? look forward to, ? be accustomed to, ? be mitted to, ? be exposed to, ? be subjected to, ? be devoted to, ? be dedicated to, ? be opposed to, ? be reconciled to, ? be contrary to, ? be (get) used to, ? e close to, ? get down to, ? give oneself up to, ? prefer…to, see to, ? set to, take to, ? in addition to, ? with regard to, ? with a view to, ? on the way to ?下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動(dòng)意義： ? deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grownup, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, muchtravelled, newly arrived, recently e 可以接不定式或動(dòng)名詞做賓語，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞 ? mean to do想要 (做某事 ) ? mean doing意味 (做某事 ) ? fet to do忘記 (要做某事 ) ? fet doing忘記 (已做的某事 ) ? go on to do繼而 (做另一件事 ) ? go on doing繼續(xù) (做原來的事 ) ? propose to do打算 (做某事 ) ? propose doing建議 (做某事 ) ? remember to do記得 (要做某事 ) ? remember doing記得 (已做過的事 ) ? stop to do停下來去做另一件事 ? stop doing停止正在做的事 ? regret to do(對(duì)將要做的事 )遺憾 ? regret doing(對(duì)已做過的事 )后悔 動(dòng)名詞的習(xí)慣用法 ? be busy/active doing sth. ? have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. ? It?s no good/use/piic doing sth. ? have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. ? spend/waste time doing sth. ? There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. ? cannot help doing sth. ? There is no doing sth. there be 非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法 ? (1)做賓語時(shí)取決于謂語動(dòng)詞的持續(xù)要求。如： ? The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做賓語 ) ? (2)做目的狀語或程度狀語時(shí)用 for there to be，做其他狀語用 there being。如： ? For there to be successful munication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present. (for there to be… 在句中做目的狀語 ) ? It isn?t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim?s car out quite safely. ? (for there to be… 在句中做程度狀語 ) ? There being no further questions, we?ll stop here today. (there being… 做原因狀語 ) ? (3)引導(dǎo)主語用 for there to be。如： It is unusual for there to be no late ers today. ? (4)做除 for外的介詞賓語，用 there being。如： ? He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought. 有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型 ?(1)not so much…as… 與其說 …… 不如說 …… ? The chief reason for the population growth isn?t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care. ?(2)no/not any more…than… 兩者一樣都不 …… ? The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink. ?(3)no /not any less…than… 兩者一樣都 …… ? She is no less beautiful than her sister. ?(4)just as…so…. 正如 …… ， …… 也 ……( 用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) ) ? Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere. THANK YOU