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【正文】 portant travel information and misunderstanding of vital instructions during an emergency. An outstanding feature of long spaces is that classical room acoustic theory is not applicable since the assumption of a diffuse field does not hold with the extreme dimension condition. Consequently, works required for an understanding of the behavior of sound in long spaces and for an acoustic prediction which takes into account the relevant characteristics. (3)銜接手段 如果綜述中多處需要引用同一個作者或同一篇文章，那么，需要用一些連接手段使上下文銜接，讓意思流暢、連貫，并起到提醒讀者的作用。 例 2l a. The author goes on to say that? b. The article further states that? c. The author also states / argues / believes that ? d. The author concludes that ? 如何寫研究動機與目的 在介 紹了他人在某領(lǐng)域的工作和成果之后，下一步便介紹作者自己的研究動機、目的與內(nèi)容。介紹研究動機可以從兩個角度人手，一是指出前人尚未解決的問題或知識的空白，二是說明解決這一問題，或填補知識空白的重要意義。 主要句型有： 句型 1：用表示否定意義的詞例 little， few， no 或 none of+名詞作主語。如： 例 22 a． Little information／ attention／ work／ research? b． Few studies／ investigations／ researchers／ attempts? C． No studies／ data／ calculations? d． None of these studies／ findings／ calculations? 注意： (1)little 后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，而 few 后面是可數(shù)名詞，而且是復(fù)數(shù)形式。 (2)no 后面直接用名詞 (可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞 )，表示泛指，“到目前為止還沒有??”的意思，而 none of 后用指示代詞 these，those(或定冠詞 the)+名詞，表示“在特定的范圍中還沒有??”的意思。也就是說，在上文所提到 過的那些研究中，還沒有解決某一問題，由此來暗示知識的空白部分。 下面舉幾個表示否定意義的例子。 例 23 a. Unfortunately, few educational opportunities exit to teach farmers and rural homeowners effective water supply management. b. There have been few specific reports in the literature of oak and hickory decline. c. There is, however, little qualitative information regarding purple loosestrife vegetative reproduction. d. However, there exists little research on science fair projects. 句型 2:里表示對照的句型。如 : 例 24 a. The research has tended to focus on? , rather than on? b. These studies have emphasized? , as opposed to? c. Although considerable research has been devoted to? , rather less attention has been paid to? d. Although there is much hope that threedimensional coupled models will lead to better understanding of the factors that control hurricane intensity and to increased reliability of hurricane intensity forecasts, the present generation of models may not have enough horizontal resolution to capture the full intensity of extreme storms. 句型 3：提出問題或假設(shè)。如： 例 25 a. However, it remains unclear whether? b. It would thus be of interest to learn how? c. If these results could be confirmed, they would provide strong evidence for ? d. These findings suggest that this treatment might not be so effective when applied to? e. It would seem, therefore, that further investigations are needed in order to? 指出或暗示了知識領(lǐng)域里的空白，或提出了問題或假設(shè)之后，下一步理所當(dāng)然應(yīng)該告訴讀者本研究的目的和內(nèi)容，要解決哪些問題，以填補上述空白，或者證明所提出的假設(shè)。 此部分常見的句型請參見 節(jié)，如何寫摘要中的目的部分。這里只略舉幾例。 例 26 a. The aim of the present paper is to give ? b. This paper reports on the results obtained? c. In this paper we give preliminary results for? d. The main purpose of the experiment reported here was to? e. This study was designed to evaluate? f. The present work extends the use of the last model by? g. We now report the interaction between? h. The primary focus of this paper is on? i． The aim of this investigation was to test? j． It is the purpose of the present paper to provide? 從暗示知識的空白到本研究的目的與內(nèi)容一般需要用一些過度詞，以提示一下讀者。如上面這些例句中，用了 this paper， here， the present work， now， this investigation， the present paper 等詞或詞組。 為了引起讀者的注意，這些詞或詞組一般放在句首 。 例 27 ? The fate of these sections is not clear. In this study we asked the questions: Do shoot sections remain viable and, if so, are they capable of further growth? We also examined the effect of habitat history and section length on survivorship. 如果一項研究 、一篇論文不止一個目的，應(yīng)該按目的的主次排列順序，并用連接詞或詞組。 例 28 The present work extends the use of the last model to asymmetric, bodyvortex cases, thus increasing the range of flow patterns that can be investigated. In addition, an effort is made to improve the numerical procedure to accelerate the convergence of the iterative solution and to get a better rollup of the vortex lines representing the wake. 常見的連接詞還有 additionally, in addition to this, besides this, also, not only? but also? , further, furthermore, moreover 等 如何寫引言的結(jié)尾 研究目的完全可以作為引言的結(jié)尾。也可以簡單介紹一下文章的結(jié)構(gòu)及每一部分的主要內(nèi)容，從而起到畫龍點睛的作用，使讀者了解文章的輪廓和脈絡(luò)。 至于研究結(jié)果，在引言中完全可以不寫。研究結(jié)果是結(jié)論部分最主要的組成部分。例 29是引言的結(jié)尾，介紹文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。 例 29 ? Before examining in detail the optimum control strategy for the drivetrain, Section 2 defines the hybrid arrangement under study. A description of the optimization process using an appropriate cost function is then presented in Section 3 followed by a method of translating the resulting control structure into a suboptimum algorithm capable of being implemented in real time. Using the optimum control structure the effect of ponent ratings on the vehicle39。s performance is evaluated in Section 4, while Section 5 discusses the practical implementation of an overall vehicle control algorithm. Finally, in Section 6, an indication of the vehicle39。s potential for substituting petroleum fuel by electricity is given. 在介紹全文的結(jié)構(gòu)時，要避免使用同一個句型結(jié)構(gòu)，如，Sections l describes ? Section2 analyses ? Section3 discusses? Section 4 summarizes?這樣，每句話用同樣的詞開頭，句型結(jié)構(gòu)顯得單調(diào)、枯燥乏味。 思考題 一、根據(jù)引言的結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律 排列次