【正文】 does he C. do they D. has he 解析：該題答案為B，hardly否定副詞，反問部分要用肯定形式。 （十二）各種從句 I．要點 根據(jù)從句在句中的句法功能，從句可分為名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。 名詞性從句 （1） 主語從句 What he wants is a piece of paper. It is believed that he can solve the problem. 注：主語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 （2）賓語從句 I don39。t know how to solve the problem. Do you know where he lives? （3）表語從句發(fā)帖人: bluestones 發(fā)帖時間: 20100511 09:18 PM The problem is who can help me. This is why I came here. （4）同位語從句 I have no idea where he went. I heard the news that he would e. 同位語從句用that引導(dǎo)，常跟在fact, idea, news, promise, thought, message, hope, belief, doubt等詞后，that在從句中不作任何成分。 定語從句 在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞，或修飾整個主句的從句叫做定語從句，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose, which, that, as,和關(guān)系副詞when, where, why。 （1）that指物時一般可與which互換，但在下列情況下，要用that而不用which。 a. 先行詞有all, everything等不定代詞時，如， Everything (that) he did is wrong. b. 先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修飾時，如， I39。ll read all the books (that) you lend me. c. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時， This is the first letter (that) the boy has written. d. 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時，如 He is the very man (that) I39。m looking for. e. 只用which的情況 在介詞后或在非限定性定語從句中 This is the book about which we have talked a lot. The book, which he gave me yesterday, is very interesting. f. where和when作關(guān)系副詞 This is the room where I worked. This is the room which I stayed in. I remembered the day when we lived there. I remembered the day that I spent there.發(fā)帖人: bluestones 發(fā)帖時間: 20100511 09:18 PM g. as和which as 可以放于句首，而which 不可以 As you know, he is good at English. three of them 和three of which I have a lot of books, three of which are in Russian. I have a lot of books and three of them are in Russian. 狀語從句 在復(fù)合句中起狀語作用的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句可分為時間狀語、地點狀語、原因狀語、目的狀語、結(jié)果狀語、條件狀語、行為方式狀語、比較狀語、讓步狀語等多種。 II． 例題 例 _______ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business. A. If B. Whether C. Even if D. No matter when 解析：該題答案為B。whether可以和or連用，if不可以，此外if一般僅用于賓語從句。 例The way _______ these rades look at problems is wrong. A. where B. in that D. with which 解析：該題答案為C，先行詞是way，定語從句中用that或 in which來引導(dǎo)或不填。 例3， ____a long time since I saw you last time. A．It was B. It is C. It had been D. It can be 解析：該題答案為B，It is +時間數(shù)+ since引導(dǎo)的從句是一個句型，意為從…時候以來過了多久了。 （十三）主謂一致 I． 要點 謂語受主語支配，須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這叫做主謂一致，主謂一致包括語法一致、意義上一致和就近一致。發(fā)帖人: bluestones 發(fā)帖時間: 20100511 09:18 PM 語法上一致 （1）、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞，動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)，主語為復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，如， To work hard is necessary for a student. （2）、用and或both……and連接的并列主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，如， Both he and I are right. 但并列主語如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，如, His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl. （3）、主語是單數(shù)時，盡管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with, together with, like等，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)，如， The teacher as well as his students is excited. （4）、某些不定代詞，如做主語，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)，如:Everyone has a book. （5）、一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，如people, cattle, clothes等作主語時，謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)，如，A lot of people are dancing outside. 意義上一致 （1）、表時間、距離、價格、度量衡等的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)，如， Twenty years is not a long time. （2）、表示總稱意義的名詞public, police, cattle, clothes等作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，如， People are talking about the accident. （3）、有些集合名詞，如family, team等作主語，如作為一個整體看待，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，如指其中每個成員，則用復(fù)數(shù)，如， My family is a big one. My family are watching TV. 鄰近一致 用連詞or, either……or, neither……nor, whether……or, not only…but also,等連接的并列主語，如果一個是單數(shù)，一個是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動詞按就近一致原則，與發(fā)帖人: bluestones 發(fā)帖時間: 20100511 09:18 PM最靠近它的主語一致，如， Either you or I am mad. II．例題 例 The chemical works _______ where my father has worked for thirty years in 1949. A. was built B. were built C. is built D. are built 解析：該題答案為A。works形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意思上是單數(shù)，因此謂語動詞用單數(shù)，類似的還有news, maths, politics, physics. 例They each _______ a copy of the new physics. A. have B. has C. having D. gets 解析：該題答案為A。They each不等于each of …, each of 這個詞組作主語謂語用單數(shù)如each of the students hands in their homework，而they each作主語，謂語要隨each前面的詞來變化。 英語語法知識難點（四） （十四）倒裝I．要點 按主語+謂語這種順序排列的句子是陳述語序，如果變?yōu)橹^語（或謂語的一部分）+主語，就是倒裝語序。 全部倒裝 （1）there be 句型 There is going to be a meeting. There is a book on the table. （2）here, there, now, then, in, out等副詞置于句首時，主謂倒裝，但如果主語是人稱代詞時，主語和謂語語序不倒裝，如，Here es the bus. Here he es. （3）直接引語的部分或全部位于句首時，有時也用倒裝，如， What he said meant nothing, said the teacher.發(fā)帖人: bluestones 發(fā)帖時間: 20100511 09:18 PM（4）為保持句子平衡，強調(diào)表語或狀語，使上下文緊密銜接時須完全倒裝，如，In front of the house sat a small boy. 部分倒裝 （1）so, neither, nor置于句首說明與前者情況一致時，如， I like swimming, so does my brother. （2）only +狀語放在句首，如，Only through this method can we win. Only in this way can we do the work well. （3）含有否定意義的詞置于句首，如，Hardly, scarcely, not, seldom, no sooner, never, little, at no time, in no way, no more等，如，Never had I heard that. Little did I know about this. （4）以often, so +形容詞或副詞開頭的句子，如， So heavy is the box that he cannot carry it. （5）用于省略if的虛擬條件句中，將had, were, should提前，如， Were I you, I wouldn39。t do that. Had he e, we would have won. （6）用于某些表示祝愿的句中，如， May you be happy for ever. II．例題 例Not only ____ this machine but ____ it. A. can he run……can he repair B. can he run……h(huán)e can repair C. he can run……h(huán)e can repair D. he can run……can he repair 解析：該題答案為B，在not only……but (also)句型中，只有but前面的部分倒裝，but后面仍是正常語序。 例____, it is quite easy to drill a hole in it with laser（激光）. A. Hard although the diamond B. Hard as the diamond is C. As the diamond is hard D. Has hard is the diamond 解析：該題答案為B，在讓步狀語從句中，從屬連詞as可以表示though，但要用倒裝語序。發(fā)帖人: bluestones 發(fā)帖時間: 20100511 09:19 PM 例Only in this way ____ to improve the situation there. A. can you hope B. you can hope C. hope can D. you hope 解析：該題答案為A， only和它所修飾的狀語一起置于句首時，須用倒裝。 （十五）it 與there be的用法 I．要點 it的用法 （1）用作人稱代詞，代替前文提到的無生命的事物，動植物、嬰兒及指示代詞this, that，如， I have a new pen. It is beautiful. The Browns have a new baby. It39。s cute. （2）用來表示時間、天氣、距離等，如，It39。s twelve o39。clock now.