【正文】 ally Inkind transfers 實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移支付Transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash Ine effect 收入效應(yīng)The change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curve Ine elasticity of demand 需求收入彈性A measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers39。 ine, puted as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in ine Indexation 指數(shù)化The automatic correction of a dollar figure for the effects of inflation by law or contract Indifference curves 無差異曲線Curves that show consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction A good for which an increase in ine reduces the quantity demanded Inferior good 低檔商品A good for which, other things being equal, an increase in ine leads to a decrease in quantity demanded Inflation 通貨膨脹An increase in the overall level of prices in the economy Inflation rate 通貨膨脹率The percentage change in the price index from the preceding period Internalizing an externality 外部性的內(nèi)在化Altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions Investment 投資Spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing imperfect petition 不完全競爭any market structure in which there is some petition but firms face downwardsloping demand curves implicit contract 隱含合同an unwritten understanding between two groups involved in an exchange, such as an understanding between employer and employees that employees will receive a stable wage throughout fluctuating economic conditions import function 進(jìn)口函數(shù)the relationship between imports and national ine inplete markets 不完全市場situations in which no market may exist for some good or for some risk, or in which some individuals cannot borrow for some purposes increasing, constant or diminishing returns to scale 規(guī)模收益遞增/不變/遞減when all inputs are increased by a certain proportion, output increases by a greater proportion (also known as economies of scale) indexing 指數(shù)化the formal linking of any payment to a price index individual ine tax 個(gè)人所得稅a tax based on the ine received by any individual or household infant industry argument for protection 幼稚工業(yè)保護(hù)論the argument that industries must be protected from foreign petition while they are young, until they have a chance to acquire the skills to enable them to pete on equal terms infinite elasticity of demand 無限需求彈性the situation that exists when any amount will be demanded at a particular price, but nothing will be demanded if the price rises even a small amount infinite elasticity of supply 無限供給彈性situation that exists when any amount will be supplied at a particular price, but nothing will be supplied if the price falls even a small amount inflation tax 通貨膨脹稅the decrease in buying power (wealth) that inflation imposes on those who hold currency (and other assets, like bonds, the payments for which are fixed in terms of dollars) inflationary spiral 通貨膨脹螺旋a selfperpetuating system in which price increases lead to higher wages, which lead to further price increases infrastructure 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施the roads, ports, bridges, and legal system that provide the necessary basis for a working economy insideroutsider theory 局內(nèi)人—局外人理論the theory that firms are reluctant to pay new workers (outsiders) a lower wage than current workers (insiders), because current workers will fear beingreplaced by the new logwage workers and will not participate in cooperating with and training them interest 利息the return a saver receives in addition to the original amount she deposited, and the amount that a borrower must pay in addition to the original amount she deposited interest rate effect 利率效應(yīng)the situation that exists when lower interest rates (resulting from an increase in the money supply, or a fall in the price level) induce firms to invest more investment schedule 投資曲線the relationship between the level of investment and the (real) rate of interest investment tax credit (ITC) 投資稅減免a provision of the tax code in which the government reduces a pany39。s tax bill by an amount equal to a percentage of its spending on investment involuntary unemployment 非自愿失業(yè)the situation that occurs when the supply of those willing to work at the going market wage exceeds the demand for laborJJob search 尋找工作The process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills KKeynesian monetary theory 凱恩斯貨幣理論Keynesian unemployment 凱恩斯失業(yè)unemployment that occurs as a result of insufficient aggregate demand。 it arises in the demandconstrained equilibrium (where aggregate demand is less than aggregate supply), so that rightward shifts in aggregate demand reduce the level of unemployment kinked demand curve 有折點(diǎn)的需求曲線the demand curve perceived by an oligopolist who believes that rivals will match any price cuts but will not match price increases LLabor force 勞動(dòng)力The total number of workers, including both the employed and unemployed Laborforce participation rate 勞動(dòng)力參工率The percentage of the population that is in the labor force Law of demand 需求規(guī)律The claim that, other things being equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises Law of supply 供給規(guī)律The claim that, others things being equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises Law of supply and demand 供求規(guī)律The claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance Life Cycle 生命周期The regular pattern of ine variation over a person39。s life Liquidity 流動(dòng)性The ease with which an asset can be converted into the economy39。s medium of exchange Lumpsum tax 定額稅A tax that is the same amount for every person learning by doing 干中學(xué)the increase in