【正文】 employed, for the hungry。 programs to get people back to work. They built dams and highways and national parks. At the same time they instituted a program of regulating capitalism in a way that had never been done before, in order to protect people from what they saw as the recklessness of the unfettered market. ：對羅斯福和他的新政來說，這是一場戰(zhàn)爭。他們在和大蕭條作戰(zhàn)，以狂烈的行動作為回應－救濟失業(yè)者和挨餓者，讓人們重新回到工作崗位上。他們修建水壩、公路和國家公園。同時，他們制定了一項計劃，該計劃將以前所未有的方式對資本主義進行調控，以保護人們免受自由市場無序發(fā)展所帶來的傷害。NARRATOR: Privately, Roosevelt feared the market system had failed, so he created an entire alphabet of new agencies to regulate banks, the stock market, capitalism itself. New headquarters built for the Interstate Commerce Commission celebrated government regulation, which reined in market forces and curbed capitalism. Under the New Deal, industry became subject to a host of new rules and regulations. 旁白：私下里，羅斯福對市場體體制的失敗感到恐懼，因此他創(chuàng)立了一整套新機構來管理銀行、股票市場和資本主義制度本身。為國內運輸管理委員會修建的新總部建成，慶祝方式就是發(fā)布政府規(guī)章。新政實施后，企業(yè)要受到一系列新規(guī)則和規(guī)章制度的約束。DANIEL YERGIN: And the airline industry was a very good example of that. You had people go into this business, be very petitive, they39。d go bankrupt. New people would e in, they would go bankrupt. It was very unstable, so the New Deal stepped in and said, We39。re going to stabilize this industry. We39。re going to set the prices that you can charge for tickets. We39。re going to tell you what routes you can fly. And with that system they eliminated these very vicious cycles of boom and bust in the aviation industry, and in a sense, that was what they were aiming to do throughout the American economy. ：航空業(yè)是一個很好的例子。企業(yè)進入這個行業(yè)，然后激烈競爭，然后破產；新的企業(yè)再進來，然后又破產；整個行業(yè)非常不穩(wěn)定。因此新政插手這個行業(yè)，“我們要穩(wěn)定這個行業(yè)，設定機票價格，規(guī)定各公司能夠經營的航線?！蓖ㄟ^這種方法，他們消除了航空業(yè)中繁榮－破產的惡性循環(huán)。在某種意義上，這也是他們對整個美國經濟的目標。Onscreen title: Cambridge University, 1936 字幕標題：劍橋大學，1936年NARRATOR: In 1936 John Maynard Keynes finally published his General Theory, a brilliant analysis of how to fight the Depression. By showing governments that it was possible to manage their economies, Keynes made himself the most influential economist of the age. 旁白：1936年，凱恩斯的《通論》終于出版了，這本書對如何與蕭條作斗爭進行了才華橫溢的分析。凱恩斯告訴各國政府對經濟進行管理是可能的，這使他成為那個時代最有影響的經濟學家。ROBERT SKIDELSKY: Keynes39。s solution to unemployment was for the government to spend the money to restore and maintain full employment. ROBERT SKIDELSKY：凱恩斯解決失業(yè)問題的方案是擴大政府開支以恢復和保持充分就業(yè)。NARRATOR: Governments, said Keynes, should spend against the wind. In good times they should reduce their spending and build surpluses。 in bad times, like the Great Depression, they should step up spending, run deficits, and put purchasing power into the hands of working people. 旁白：凱恩斯認為政府開支應該逆風而行。繁榮時期政府應該削減支出和進行儲備；困難時期，比如大蕭條時期，政府應該逐步增加支出，實行赤字財政，讓勞動者有購買力。ROBERT SKIDELSKY: He gave people hope that unemployment could be cured without concentration camps. ROBERT SKIDELSKY：他給了人們希望－失業(yè)問題是可以克服的。NARRATOR: Harvard University became an intellectual bridgehead for Keynes in America. John Kenneth Galbraith was one of Keynes39。s leading apostles. 旁白：哈佛大學成為凱恩斯在美國的學術橋頭堡。John Kenneth Galbraith是他最主要的追隨者。JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH, Professor Emeritus, Harvard University: I39。ve said many times I think had something, maybe quite a bit, to do with bringing Keynes across the Atlantic. I came back to find a whole group of people here who had also read The General Theory, and this was a breath of hope and optimism. JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH，哈佛大學榮譽退休教授：我曾多次說過我認為把凱恩斯主義帶到大西洋彼岸這件事與我有很大的關系。我回來后發(fā)現(xiàn)這兒有許許多多人已經看過《通論》，這是充滿希望和樂觀主義的。NARRATOR: Keynes39。s ideas trickled down from Harvard to Washington, turning the federal government39。s conventional economic policies upside down. 旁白：凱恩斯的思想從哈佛傳到華盛頓，完全改變了聯(lián)邦政府傳統(tǒng)的經濟政策。JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH: You resisted conservative finance, borrowed money, and hired people across the country, rescuing them from unemployment. That was the basic essential and that you didn39。t worry about accumulating debt, or, more precisely, you worried about it, but did it anyway. JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH：你反對保守的財政政策，借錢來雇傭全國各地的人工作，使他們不致失業(yè)。這是基本要點，而你不擔心負債的問題，或者更確切地說，你擔心負債問題，但無論如何你還是要這樣做。NARRATOR: Keynes39。s ideas began to gain ground. 講述者：凱恩斯的思想開始普及。Chapter 6: Worldwide War [7:00]第六章：世界大戰(zhàn)Onscreen title: World War II, 1941 字幕標題：第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，1941年NARRATOR: It took a world war for Keynesianism to bee government policy. As the . government borrowed money and pumped it into the war effort, high unemployment ended, and the Depression disappeared. 旁白：經過世界大戰(zhàn)，凱恩斯理論變成了政府政策。隨著美國政府大舉借債并將資金用于備戰(zhàn)，高失業(yè)率的狀況得到改觀，大蕭條也結束了。NEWSREEL NARRATOR: ... men and women to make the uniforms。 machinists to make the guns and ammunition。 auto workers to produce the jeeps and trucks, to build the ships and tanks。 civilian soldiers to turn out the fighters, the bombers. 新聞片旁白：……男人和女人做制服；機械師造槍炮彈藥；汽車工人生產吉普和卡車，建造艦船和坦克。NARRATOR: In charge of wartime wage and price controls, John Kenneth Galbraith saw the economy rebound. 旁白：負責戰(zhàn)時工資和價格控制的John Kenneth Galbraith看到了經濟的反彈。JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH: One could not have had a better demonstration of the Keynesian ideas, and I think it39。s fair to say that as a young Keynesian in Washington, in touch with the other Keynesians there, we all saw that very clearly at the time. JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH：這是凱恩斯理論的最好實證。我想可以很公正地說，作為當時在華盛頓的年輕凱恩斯主義者－與那里的其他凱恩斯主義者也有聯(lián)系，我們那時都清楚地看到了這一實證。NARRATOR: In a radio broadcast, Keynes expressed his hope that what worked in war would work in peace. 旁白：凱恩斯在無線電廣播中表達了他的希望：戰(zhàn)時起作用的，在和平時期也起作用。JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES: If expenditure on armaments really does cure unemployment, a grand experiment has begun. Good may e out of evil. We may learn a trick or two which will e in useful when the day of peace es. 凱恩斯：如果軍備支出確實克服了失業(yè)問題，那么一個更重大的試驗開始了。好事可能來自于邪惡。我們可以從中學到一或兩個竅門，這在和平時期遲早用的上。Onscreen title: London, 1944 字幕標題：倫敦，1944年NARRATOR: Now teaching at the London School of Economics, Hayek feared that Keynes39。s brave new world was a big step in the wrong direction. He attacked the growing consensus by writing The Road to Serfdom. Sarc