【正文】 Onscreen title: London, 1944 字幕標(biāo)題：倫敦，1944年NARRATOR: Now teaching at the London School of Economics, Hayek feared that Keynes39。好事可能來自于邪惡。NARRATOR: In a radio broadcast, Keynes expressed his hope that what worked in war would work in peace. 旁白：凱恩斯在無線電廣播中表達(dá)了他的希望：戰(zhàn)時(shí)起作用的，在和平時(shí)期也起作用。s fair to say that as a young Keynesian in Washington, in touch with the other Keynesians there, we all saw that very clearly at the time. JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH：這是凱恩斯理論的最好實(shí)證。NARRATOR: In charge of wartime wage and price controls, John Kenneth Galbraith saw the economy rebound. 旁白：負(fù)責(zé)戰(zhàn)時(shí)工資和價(jià)格控制的John Kenneth Galbraith看到了經(jīng)濟(jì)的反彈。 auto workers to produce the jeeps and trucks, to build the ships and tanks。NEWSREEL NARRATOR: ... men and women to make the uniforms。Chapter 6: Worldwide War [7:00]第六章：世界大戰(zhàn)Onscreen title: World War II, 1941 字幕標(biāo)題：第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，1941年NARRATOR: It took a world war for Keynesianism to bee government policy. As the . government borrowed money and pumped it into the war effort, high unemployment ended, and the Depression disappeared. 旁白：經(jīng)過世界大戰(zhàn)，凱恩斯理論變成了政府政策。NARRATOR: Keynes39。t worry about accumulating debt, or, more precisely, you worried about it, but did it anyway. JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH：你反對保守的財(cái)政政策，借錢來雇傭全國各地的人工作，使他們不致失業(yè)。s conventional economic policies upside down. 旁白：凱恩斯的思想從哈佛傳到華盛頓，完全改變了聯(lián)邦政府傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。NARRATOR: Keynes39。ve said many times I think had something, maybe quite a bit, to do with bringing Keynes across the Atlantic. I came back to find a whole group of people here who had also read The General Theory, and this was a breath of hope and optimism. JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH，哈佛大學(xué)榮譽(yù)退休教授：我曾多次說過我認(rèn)為把凱恩斯主義帶到大西洋彼岸這件事與我有很大的關(guān)系。John Kenneth Galbraith是他最主要的追隨者。NARRATOR: Harvard University became an intellectual bridgehead for Keynes in America. John Kenneth Galbraith was one of Keynes39。繁榮時(shí)期政府應(yīng)該削減支出和進(jìn)行儲備；困難時(shí)期，比如大蕭條時(shí)期，政府應(yīng)該逐步增加支出，實(shí)行赤字財(cái)政，讓勞動者有購買力。NARRATOR: Governments, said Keynes, should spend against the wind. In good times they should reduce their spending and build surpluses。ROBERT SKIDELSKY: Keynes39。Onscreen title: Cambridge University, 1936 字幕標(biāo)題：劍橋大學(xué)，1936年NARRATOR: In 1936 John Maynard Keynes finally published his General Theory, a brilliant analysis of how to fight the Depression. By showing governments that it was possible to manage their economies, Keynes made himself the most influential economist of the age. 旁白：1936年，凱恩斯的《通論》終于出版了，這本書對如何與蕭條作斗爭進(jìn)行了才華橫溢的分析?！蓖ㄟ^這種方法，他們消除了航空業(yè)中繁榮－破產(chǎn)的惡性循環(huán)。企業(yè)進(jìn)入這個(gè)行業(yè)，然后激烈競爭，然后破產(chǎn)；新的企業(yè)再進(jìn)來，然后又破產(chǎn)；整個(gè)行業(yè)非常不穩(wěn)定。re going to set the prices that you can charge for tickets. We39。d go bankrupt. New people would e in, they would go bankrupt. It was very unstable, so the New Deal stepped in and said, We39。新政實(shí)施后，企業(yè)要受到一系列新規(guī)則和規(guī)章制度的約束。NARRATOR: Privately, Roosevelt feared the market system had failed, so he created an entire alphabet of new agencies to regulate banks, the stock market, capitalism itself. New headquarters built for the Interstate Commerce Commission celebrated government regulation, which reined in market forces and curbed capitalism. Under the New Deal, industry became subject to a host of new rules and regulations. 旁白：私下里，羅斯福對市場體體制的失敗感到恐懼，因此他創(chuàng)立了一整套新機(jī)構(gòu)來管理銀行、股票市場和資本主義制度本身。他們修建水壩、公路和國家公園。 programs to get people back to work. They built dams and highways and national parks. At the same time they instituted a program of regulating capitalism in a way that had never been done before, in order to protect people from what they saw as the recklessness of the unfettered market. ：對羅斯福和他的新政來說，這是一場戰(zhàn)爭。He then embarked on a whirlwind program of reform. 然后他著手開始進(jìn)行旋風(fēng)式的改革計(jì)劃。NARRATOR: Roosevelt39。FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT, . President: This great nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. I shall ask the Congress for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisis: broad executive power. 羅斯福，美國總統(tǒng)：我們偉大的國家將象過去一樣頑強(qiáng)堅(jiān)持下去，將會實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)興和繁榮。Chapter 5: Global Depression [5:26]第五章：全球性的蕭條Onscreen title: Washington, ., 1933字幕標(biāo)題：華盛頓，哥倫比亞特區(qū)，1933年NARRATOR: The new American president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, was staring economic disaster in the face. His wife, Eleanor, described Inauguration Day as very solemn, and a little terrifying. 旁白：新的美國總統(tǒng)－Franklin Delano Roosevelt－面對這場經(jīng)濟(jì)災(zāi)難表現(xiàn)出色。民主似乎正在退卻；與民主一樣的還有自由體制。ROBERT SKIDELSKY: It was written against the background of not only the collapse of the world economy, but the potential collapse of democratic government. Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933. Democracy seemed to be losing ground, and with democracy, the system of liberty. So Keynes had to produce an answer to the Great Depression, or democracy would be swamped by totalitarianism. ROBERT SKIDELSKY：這部著作的寫作背景不僅是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的崩潰，還有潛在的民主政府垮臺的危機(jī)。GEOFFREY HARCOURT: He was writing a book which he thought would revolutionize the way we thought about economic systems. It would also give us the means to make sure they operated better. GEOFFREY HARCOURT：他認(rèn)為他正在撰寫的這部著作將使我們考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的方式發(fā)生革命性的變化。ROBERT SKIDELSKY: Keynes was the real inventor of macroeconomics. Concepts we take for granted today, like gross domestic product, the level of unemployment, the rate of inflation, all to do with general features of the economy, were invented by him. ROBERT SKIDELSKY：凱恩斯是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的真正創(chuàng)始人。In Cambridge, Keynes set out to save capitalism from itself by writing a book about what caused the Great Depression and what to do about it. He aimed to rewrite the rules of economics, to see a country39。隨著資本主義的失敗，法西斯主義擴(kuò)大了它的影響。工人－他們中的許多人是參加過戰(zhàn)爭的老兵－在全國范圍內(nèi)舉行示威游行，向政府要求“工作的權(quán)力”。三百萬人失業(yè)，這個(gè)數(shù)字很快飛漲到一千五百萬。NEWSREEL NARRATOR: Private construction virtually ceases. Mills and factories shut down. Railroads e to a virtual standstill. Millions of Americans men, women, children wait in the cold on bread lines, in soup kitchens. Three million Americans are exwage earners, unemployed, and the ranks of the unemployed are to soar to 15 million. 新聞片旁白：私人建筑業(yè)事實(shí)上已經(jīng)中止；工廠停產(chǎn)；鐵路運(yùn)輸陷入事實(shí)上的停頓狀態(tài)。NARRATOR: The government failed to hal