【導(dǎo)讀】安全管理系統(tǒng)最重要的目的是維護和促進工人們在工作時的健康和安全。性計劃時，了解為什么、怎樣做和其他意外事故的發(fā)展是十分重要的。事故致因理論旨在。闡明事故現(xiàn)象，和解釋事故的機理。所有現(xiàn)代理論都是基于試圖解釋事件發(fā)生、發(fā)展過程。在古老的時期，事故被看做是上帝的行為并且?guī)缀鯖]有。預(yù)防的方法去阻止他們。在20世紀開始的時候，人們開始相信差的物理條件是事故發(fā)生的。安全從業(yè)人員集中注意力在提高機器監(jiān)護、維護和清理上。在大多數(shù)情況下，一件。事故的發(fā)生主要有兩個原因：人類的行為和物理或者社會環(huán)境。高層管理人員負責(zé)建立一個能夠有效控制危險源有關(guān)組織。一個人出現(xiàn)的錯誤可能是有意。的或者是無意的。拉斯姆森和杰森已經(jīng)提出了三個層次的技能規(guī)則知識模型來描述不同種。類的人錯誤的起源。如今，這種模式已經(jīng)成為在工作中檢驗人的錯誤的標準之一。

　　

【正文】 fety problems. All system ponents and interactions are studied to predict the risks that will be involved in system operation. Design changes are then made to minimize these risks. Knowledge of similar systems is also helpful in this phase. Of particular interest are measures taken to correct design features that resulted in accidents. Similar accidents may be avoided by including the same corrective measures in the specifications that emerge from the design phase. 設(shè)計階段。設(shè)備規(guī)格、維護計劃、培訓(xùn)計劃、提出系統(tǒng)程序、和其他設(shè)計原材料的檢查評估也是在設(shè)計階段進行的。廣泛的危險源分析也有助于識別和解決潛在的安全問題。研究所有系統(tǒng)組成部分和相互作用預(yù)測系統(tǒng)運行中將會涉及到的風(fēng)險。通 過更改設(shè)計將風(fēng)險最小化。在這一階段類似的系統(tǒng)知識也很有幫助。我們采取一些措施為了糾正可能會造成事故的設(shè)計上的特點是尤其有意義的。在設(shè)計階段發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題說明書中如果相關(guān)的補救措施也寫進去的話類似的一些事故也可以避免。 Development Phase. During the development phase, system safety programs assure that 10 the design requirements are incorporated as the system is generated. Hazard analyses are performed or updated. Additional studies or tests are conducted to verify the adequacy of safety design features. Training courses for operating personnel are reviewed to confirm that there is satisfactory coverage of safety aspects. Refinements of system design often result from these evaluations to improve system safety prior to the operation phase. 發(fā)展階段。在發(fā)展階段，系統(tǒng)安全規(guī)劃保證了系統(tǒng)形成時設(shè)計要求已經(jīng)整合。開展或更新危險源分析。進一步的研究或試驗進行驗證安全設(shè)計是否足夠。對操作人員的培訓(xùn)課程進行審查，以確認在安全方面是否有令人滿意的覆蓋面。系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的改進往往是通過這些評估結(jié)果在運行階段之前改善系統(tǒng)的安全性。 Operation Phase. Periodic safety inspections, maintenance, training, and performance reviews are conducted in the operation phase to maintain or improve the safety achieved previously. Hazard analyses are updated to determine the impact of any system changes, and action is taken to control any hazards that result from such changes. Similar action is taken following any accident or malfunction to correct deficiencies that have been overlooked. 運作階段。在運行階段進行定期安全檢查，維修，培訓(xùn)和績效評估，以維持或改善先前達到的安全。危險源分析的更新，是為了確定任何系統(tǒng)變化的影響，并采取行動以控制導(dǎo)致這些變化的任何危害。在任何事故或故障中采取類似的行動，以糾正那些被忽略的缺陷 Disposal Phase. Program efforts are continued through the final phase of the life cycle. System disposal procedures are reviewed and monitored. Special precautions are taken in disposing of hazardous materials, equipment, etc. 處置階段。 方案在生命周期的最后階段中仍能繼續(xù)進行。系統(tǒng)處理程序進行審查和監(jiān)督。采取特別措施處理危險品、設(shè)備等。 Analysis 危險源分析 The heart of a system safety program is in the performance of hazard analyses. These efforts also involve most of the detail work of system safety engineering. Analyses are conducted to identify and evaluate hazards within a system. With this information, responsible officials may determine the safest, most efficient means of controlling th e hazards identified. With its accident sources eliminated, the entire system also bees more effective in performing its task. In general, hazard analyses are conducted as follows ： 系統(tǒng)安全計劃的核心是危險源分析。這些 工作 還涉及到大多數(shù)系統(tǒng)安全工程的細節(jié)。進行分析，以在系統(tǒng)中識別和評估危險。有了這些信息，負責(zé)的管理人員可以決定控制 危險源 的最安全，最有效的手段。憑借對其事故源的消除，整個系統(tǒng)也變得可以更加有效地執(zhí)行其任務(wù)。在一般情況下，風(fēng)險的分析是如下這樣進行的： Gain an understanding of the system. Define the scope and purpose of the analysis. Select and apply an analysis technique. Evaluate the results. 獲取對系統(tǒng)的理解。 定義分析的范圍和目的。 選擇并應(yīng)用分析技術(shù)。 評估結(jié)果。 Hazard analysis is not an intuitive process. For an analysis to be meaningful, it must be 11 logical， accurate， descriptive of the system, and based on valid assumptions. Its success largely depends on the skill and knowledge of those conducting the analysis. Anyone who has a thorough， working knowledge of both the system under consideration and the analysis technique to be used may perform a hazard analysis. In practice, the efforts of several persons with varying backgrounds are usually required to assure that meaningful and prehensive hazard information is obtained. 危險源分析并不是一個直觀的過程。要使一個分析有意義，它必須是符合邏輯的，精確的，描述性的系統(tǒng)，并且基于有效的假設(shè)。它的成功在很大程度上取決于那些進行分析的技能和知識。任何對于系統(tǒng)有充分的工作知識和分析技術(shù)的人都可以進行 危險源分析。在實踐中，通常需要不同背景的人的努力，來確保獲得有意義的和全面的風(fēng)險信息。 A system safety program usually requires the performance of several hazard analyses throughout the life cycle. The scope and purpose of each required analysis may be different. For example， a preliminary hazard analysis may be required in the concept phase to provide an initial assessment of hazards that may he encountered in subsequent life cycle phases. Special analyses may also be specified to determine the hazards volved in system development，assembly， operation， maintenance， or disposal. In addition ， the entire system or only part of the system may be analyzed at one time. Where subsystem hazard analyses are performed, a total system analysis should also be conducted to identify potential hazards at the interfaces of the subsystems. 一個系統(tǒng)安全項目通常要求在壽命周期內(nèi)進行一些危險源分析。每個要求分析的范圍和目的可能不盡相同。例如，一個初步危險源分析可能要求在項目概念形成階段提供一次可能在后續(xù)壽命周期性階段出現(xiàn)危險源的初始評估。還可以針對特殊問題進行特別分析，以確定系統(tǒng)開發(fā)、裝配、操作、維護或處理中所涉及的危害。此外，該系統(tǒng)的整個系統(tǒng) 或者 部分可以 同時 進行分析。其中，子系統(tǒng)危險分析被執(zhí)行，一個總的系統(tǒng)的分析也應(yīng)進行，以確定潛在的危險在子系統(tǒng)的接口。 Regardless of the scope， purpose， or technique used， a hazard analysis is only a tool. It does not make decisions. Analysis was never intended to provide the final answer to system safety problems, but rather to aid in making decisions for improving the system. 無論范圍，目的，或使用的技術(shù)的手段， 危險源 分 析只是一種工具。它不會作出決定。分析絕不是為了解決系統(tǒng)安全的問題 而 提供 的 最終答案，而是幫助決策用于改進該系統(tǒng)。 4． Hazard Control 危險源 控制 To control the hazards identified by analysis, the system or its environment must be altered. Hazard control typically is acplished through either engineering, educational, or administrative solutions. Where these types of hazard controls are insufficient, protective apparol is often used. 要通過分析來 控制辨別出的危險源，必須改變系統(tǒng)或環(huán)境。 危險源 控制通常是通過工程、教育或行政解決方案來完成的。當無法能夠控制這類 危險源 的時候，通常使用防護服。 5． Egineering Solutions 工程解決辦法 Because engineering solutions are relatively permanent， they are the most desirable type of hazard control. They normally involve altering the system’s machines, materials, or environment. The approach used in engineering soluti