【正文】 ob.正：Because I was ill for six months, I lost my job.正：I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.4. 漢語說“之所以……是因為……”，英語可以類似以下這樣的句型（用that比用 because普通）。如：The reason (why) I’m late is that [because] I missed the bus. 我遲到的原因是因為我沒有趕上公共汽車。傳統(tǒng)語法認為這類句型不能用 because, 但在現(xiàn)代英語中用because 的情形已很普遍。5. 在not…because…這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，not 有時否定主句，有時否定從句，具體視語境而定。一般說來，若 not 否定主句，最好在because 之前用逗號，否則會引起歧義，如下句在沒有特定上下文時就有兩種解釋：I didn’t go because I was afraid.這個句子既可理解為“我沒有去是因為怕”，也可理解為“我不是因為怕才去”。但是，如果because之前有副詞just修飾，一般認為not是否定從句而不是主句。如：You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不要因為有人說你壞話而生氣。6. 有時可引導一個句子作主語，此時通常采用just because這樣的形式，并且主句謂語動詞通常（當然不是一定）為mean。如：Just because you speak English doesn’t mean you can teach it. 你會說英語并不意味著你能教英語。Just because you’re old doesn’t mean you have to be idle. 只是因為你年紀大了，這并不意味著你就應該懶散不活動。Because you have words with your wife is no reason to smash up things. 你和你的妻子吵架并不能成為摔東西的理由。7. 用于構(gòu)成復合介詞because of，其后可接名詞、代詞、 動名詞、what 從句（但不能是that從句或沒有引導詞的從句）等。如：He is here because of you (that). 他為你（那事）而來這里。We said nothing about it, because of his wife’s being there. 因為他妻子在那兒，我們對此只字未提。He left the pany because of what the boss said at the meeting. 他離開了這家公司，是因為老板在會上講的話。8. because of通常用來引導狀語，而用于不引導表語（引導表語時可用 due to）。如：誤：His absence is because of the rain.正：His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未來。但是，若主語是代詞（不是名詞），則它引出的短語也可用作表語。如：It is because of hard work. 那是因為辛苦工作的原因。It will be because of money. 那將都是因為錢的原因。because, since, as, for的用法區(qū)別四者均可用來表示原因，區(qū)別如下：(1) 關(guān)于 because：語氣最強，表示直接原因，可用于回答 why 提出的問題、引導表語從句、用于強調(diào)句等，而其余三者均不行：“Why didn’t he e?” “Because he was ill.” “他為什么沒來?”“因為他病了。”My stomach hurts because I have eaten too many apples. 我肚子痛，因為蘋果吃得太多。It is because he is honest that I like him. 是因為他誠實我才喜歡他。(2) 關(guān)于 since 與 as：a. 兩者所表示的原因都是人們已知的，即對已知事實提供理由，而不是表示直接原因。since 比 as 語氣稍強，且比 as 略為正式，它們引導的從句通常放在主句之前，有時也放在主句之后：As you weren’t there, I left a message. 由于你不在那兒，我留了個口信。Since you are wrong, you should apologize. 你既然錯了，就應該道歉。b. since 可用于省略句，而其他三者不行：Since so, I have nothing to say. 既然如此，我無話可說。(3) 關(guān)于 for：是并列連詞(其余三者為從屬連詞)，它有時可表示因果關(guān)系(通常要放在主句之后，且可與 because 換用)；有時不表示因果關(guān)系，而是對前面分句內(nèi)容的解釋或推斷(也要放在主句之后，但不能與because 換用)。比較：The ground is wet, for (=because) it rained last night. 地面是濕的，因為昨晚下過雨。It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. 昨晚一定下過雨，你看今天早上地面是濕的。 (此句不能用 because 代 for)如何理解in that引導從句的用法如果是作為自由搭配in that，那么它的意思需視上下文而定。如：Put the bookcase in that corner. 把書柜放在那個角落里。You ought on no account to take part in that. 你千萬別參與那事。It is expensive to stay in that hotel. 住那家旅館很貴。如果用in that引導從句，則它是一個習語，意思是“因為”“由于”，與從屬連詞because意思相同。如：She was fortunate in thatshe had friends to help her. 她很幸運，有一些朋友幫助她。The situation is rather plicated in thatwe have two managing directors. 由于我們有兩位總經(jīng)理，所以情況很復雜。I’m in a slightly awkward position,in that he’s not arriving until the 10th. 我的處境有點難堪，因為他要10號才來。(六)、引導讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞。主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。如：Although they are twins, they look entirely different. 他們雖是孿生, 但是相貌卻完全不同。I like her even though she can be annoying. 盡管她有時很惱人, 但我還是喜歡她。You won’t move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力氣多大, 也休想搬動那塊石頭。Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我們?nèi)〉玫囊磺谐删投細w功于你們的支持。Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是誰，你都不能從這里通過。Whenever I see him I speak to him. 每當我見到他，我都和他講話。although 與 though 用法區(qū)別與說明1. 用作連詞，表示“雖然”，兩者大致同義，可換用，只是 although 比 though 更為正式。如：Though [Although] they’re expensive, people buy them. 雖然它們很昂貴，人們還是買。2. although 一般不用作副詞，而 though 可用作副詞，表示“可是”“不過”。如：I expect you’re right—I’ll ask him, though. 我認為你說得對——我去問問他也好。She promised to phone. I heard nothing, though. 她答應要打電話來. 可我沒聽到回信兒。這樣用的though通常位于句末，但有時位于句首的though也有這樣的意思。如：他說他要付錢，然而我認為他不會付的。正：He says he’ll pay, though I don’t think he will.正：He says he’ll pay。 I don’t think he will, though.3. 在 as though（好像，仿佛），even though（即使，縱然）等固定短語中，不能用 although代替though。如：She treats me as though I were a stranger. 她待我仿佛我是一個陌生人。He’s the best teacher even though he has the least experience. 他盡管經(jīng)驗最少，但教得最好。4. 兩者均可用于省略句，通常見于主句與從句主語相同，且從句謂語含有動詞be的情形。如：Although [Though] (it was) built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order. 盡管是戰(zhàn)前制造的，這臺發(fā)動機仍然處于良好狀態(tài)。Although [Though] (he is) still young he is going very grey. 盡管他還年輕他的頭發(fā)卻已變得灰白。Although [Though] (she was) in pain, she bravely blinked back her tears. 她雖然很疼痛，但還是硬把眼淚抑制住了。5. 當though用于倒裝形式，它不能換成although，但可換成as。Successful though [as] he is, he is not proud. 他雖然成功，但不驕傲。Much though [as] I like you, I couldn’t live with you. 我盡管很喜歡你, 卻不能和你在一起生活。Try though [as] I would, I could not make her change her mind. 不管我多努力，也不能讓她改變主意。Surrounded though [as] we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward. 雖然我們被敵人包圍著，但我們還是設(shè)法前進了。Raining hard though [as] it is, I’m going out for a walk. 雖然正在下著大雨，我還是要出去散步。注意，若倒裝后置于句首的是名詞時，其前習慣上不用冠詞或其他限定詞。如：Expert though [as] he was, he failed. 他雖是專家，但還是失敗了。Big puzzle though [as] it was, it hadn’t got the better of Jim. 雖然是個大難題，但仍沒有難倒吉姆。6. 不要按漢語“雖然……但是……”的表達習慣，在 although 后連用 but。如：雖然他只是個業(yè)余愛好者，但卻是一流的高手。誤：Although he’s only an amateur, but he’s a firstclass player.正：Although he’s only an amateur, he’s a firstclass player.但是在強調(diào)時，although 可與 yet, still 等副詞連用。如：Though he seems happy, yet he is worried. 雖然他看起來很幸福，但他實際上很煩惱。注意：值得一提的是，在某些特定的語境中，although 與 but 連用的句子是可能的（注：but 引出的句子在 although 從句之前）。如：But I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later. 但我當時的確不知道此事，盡管后來還是知道了。He wanted to go abroad, but although he had some money he couldn’t afford it. 他想出國，盡管他有些錢，但還是負擔不起。I tried doing the accounts, but although I knew some maths I found it very difficult. 我試著算這些賬，但盡管我懂點數(shù)學，仍感到很困難。分析：此句將 but 與 although 用在一起，但此句也沒有錯誤。該句從總體來看，它是一個以并列連詞 but 連接的并列句，而在該并列句的后面一句又是一個包含讓步狀語從句 although I knew some maths 的復合句——這種句型就是所謂的并列復合句。此句也可改寫為 I tried doing the accounts, but I found it