【正文】 ob.正：Because I was ill for six months, I lost my job.正：I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.4. 漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)“之所以……是因?yàn)椤保⒄Z(yǔ)可以類(lèi)似以下這樣的句型（用that比用 because普通）。如：The reason (why) I’m late is that [because] I missed the bus. 我遲到的原因是因?yàn)槲覜](méi)有趕上公共汽車(chē)。傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法認(rèn)為這類(lèi)句型不能用 because, 但在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中用because 的情形已很普遍。5. 在not…because…這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，not 有時(shí)否定主句，有時(shí)否定從句，具體視語(yǔ)境而定。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，若 not 否定主句，最好在because 之前用逗號(hào)，否則會(huì)引起歧義，如下句在沒(méi)有特定上下文時(shí)就有兩種解釋?zhuān)篒 didn’t go because I was afraid.這個(gè)句子既可理解為“我沒(méi)有去是因?yàn)榕隆?，也可理解為“我不是因?yàn)榕虏湃ァ?。但是，如果because之前有副詞just修飾，一般認(rèn)為not是否定從句而不是主句。如：You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不要因?yàn)橛腥苏f(shuō)你壞話(huà)而生氣。6. 有時(shí)可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)句子作主語(yǔ)，此時(shí)通常采用just because這樣的形式，并且主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常（當(dāng)然不是一定）為mean。如：Just because you speak English doesn’t mean you can teach it. 你會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)并不意味著你能教英語(yǔ)。Just because you’re old doesn’t mean you have to be idle. 只是因?yàn)槟隳昙o(jì)大了，這并不意味著你就應(yīng)該懶散不活動(dòng)。Because you have words with your wife is no reason to smash up things. 你和你的妻子吵架并不能成為摔東西的理由。7. 用于構(gòu)成復(fù)合介詞because of，其后可接名詞、代詞、 動(dòng)名詞、what 從句（但不能是that從句或沒(méi)有引導(dǎo)詞的從句）等。如：He is here because of you (that). 他為你（那事）而來(lái)這里。We said nothing about it, because of his wife’s being there. 因?yàn)樗拮釉谀莾?，我們?duì)此只字未提。He left the pany because of what the boss said at the meeting. 他離開(kāi)了這家公司，是因?yàn)槔习逶跁?huì)上講的話(huà)。8. because of通常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)，而用于不引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)（引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)時(shí)可用 due to）。如：誤：His absence is because of the rain.正：His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未來(lái)。但是，若主語(yǔ)是代詞（不是名詞），則它引出的短語(yǔ)也可用作表語(yǔ)。如：It is because of hard work. 那是因?yàn)樾量喙ぷ鞯脑?。It will be because of money. 那將都是因?yàn)殄X(qián)的原因。because, since, as, for的用法區(qū)別四者均可用來(lái)表示原因，區(qū)別如下：(1) 關(guān)于 because：語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)，表示直接原因，可用于回答 why 提出的問(wèn)題、引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句、用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句等，而其余三者均不行：“Why didn’t he e?” “Because he was ill.” “他為什么沒(méi)來(lái)?”“因?yàn)樗×恕！盡y stomach hurts because I have eaten too many apples. 我肚子痛，因?yàn)樘O(píng)果吃得太多。It is because he is honest that I like him. 是因?yàn)樗\(chéng)實(shí)我才喜歡他。(2) 關(guān)于 since 與 as：a. 兩者所表示的原因都是人們已知的，即對(duì)已知事實(shí)提供理由，而不是表示直接原因。since 比 as 語(yǔ)氣稍強(qiáng)，且比 as 略為正式，它們引導(dǎo)的從句通常放在主句之前，有時(shí)也放在主句之后：As you weren’t there, I left a message. 由于你不在那兒，我留了個(gè)口信。Since you are wrong, you should apologize. 你既然錯(cuò)了，就應(yīng)該道歉。b. since 可用于省略句，而其他三者不行：Since so, I have nothing to say. 既然如此，我無(wú)話(huà)可說(shuō)。(3) 關(guān)于 for：是并列連詞(其余三者為從屬連詞)，它有時(shí)可表示因果關(guān)系(通常要放在主句之后，且可與 because 換用)；有時(shí)不表示因果關(guān)系，而是對(duì)前面分句內(nèi)容的解釋或推斷(也要放在主句之后，但不能與because 換用)。比較：The ground is wet, for (=because) it rained last night. 地面是濕的，因?yàn)樽蛲硐逻^(guò)雨。It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. 昨晚一定下過(guò)雨，你看今天早上地面是濕的。 (此句不能用 because 代 for)如何理解in that引導(dǎo)從句的用法如果是作為自由搭配in that，那么它的意思需視上下文而定。如：Put the bookcase in that corner. 把書(shū)柜放在那個(gè)角落里。You ought on no account to take part in that. 你千萬(wàn)別參與那事。It is expensive to stay in that hotel. 住那家旅館很貴。如果用in that引導(dǎo)從句，則它是一個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)，意思是“因?yàn)椤薄坝捎凇保c從屬連詞because意思相同。如：She was fortunate in thatshe had friends to help her. 她很幸運(yùn)，有一些朋友幫助她。The situation is rather plicated in thatwe have two managing directors. 由于我們有兩位總經(jīng)理，所以情況很復(fù)雜。I’m in a slightly awkward position,in that he’s not arriving until the 10th. 我的處境有點(diǎn)難堪，因?yàn)樗?0號(hào)才來(lái)。(六)、引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞。主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。如：Although they are twins, they look entirely different. 他們雖是孿生, 但是相貌卻完全不同。I like her even though she can be annoying. 盡管她有時(shí)很惱人, 但我還是喜歡她。You won’t move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力氣多大, 也休想搬動(dòng)那塊石頭。Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我們?nèi)〉玫囊磺谐删投細(xì)w功于你們的支持。Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是誰(shuí)，你都不能從這里通過(guò)。Whenever I see him I speak to him. 每當(dāng)我見(jiàn)到他，我都和他講話(huà)。although 與 though 用法區(qū)別與說(shuō)明1. 用作連詞，表示“雖然”，兩者大致同義，可換用，只是 although 比 though 更為正式。如：Though [Although] they’re expensive, people buy them. 雖然它們很昂貴，人們還是買(mǎi)。2. although 一般不用作副詞，而 though 可用作副詞，表示“可是”“不過(guò)”。如：I expect you’re right—I’ll ask him, though. 我認(rèn)為你說(shuō)得對(duì)——我去問(wèn)問(wèn)他也好。She promised to phone. I heard nothing, though. 她答應(yīng)要打電話(huà)來(lái). 可我沒(méi)聽(tīng)到回信兒。這樣用的though通常位于句末，但有時(shí)位于句首的though也有這樣的意思。如：他說(shuō)他要付錢(qián)，然而我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)付的。正：He says he’ll pay, though I don’t think he will.正：He says he’ll pay。 I don’t think he will, though.3. 在 as though（好像，仿佛），even though（即使，縱然）等固定短語(yǔ)中，不能用 although代替though。如：She treats me as though I were a stranger. 她待我仿佛我是一個(gè)陌生人。He’s the best teacher even though he has the least experience. 他盡管經(jīng)驗(yàn)最少，但教得最好。4. 兩者均可用于省略句，通常見(jiàn)于主句與從句主語(yǔ)相同，且從句謂語(yǔ)含有動(dòng)詞be的情形。如：Although [Though] (it was) built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order. 盡管是戰(zhàn)前制造的，這臺(tái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)仍然處于良好狀態(tài)。Although [Though] (he is) still young he is going very grey. 盡管他還年輕他的頭發(fā)卻已變得灰白。Although [Though] (she was) in pain, she bravely blinked back her tears. 她雖然很疼痛，但還是硬把眼淚抑制住了。5. 當(dāng)though用于倒裝形式，它不能換成although，但可換成as。Successful though [as] he is, he is not proud. 他雖然成功，但不驕傲。Much though [as] I like you, I couldn’t live with you. 我盡管很喜歡你, 卻不能和你在一起生活。Try though [as] I would, I could not make her change her mind. 不管我多努力，也不能讓她改變主意。Surrounded though [as] we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward. 雖然我們被敵人包圍著，但我們還是設(shè)法前進(jìn)了。Raining hard though [as] it is, I’m going out for a walk. 雖然正在下著大雨，我還是要出去散步。注意，若倒裝后置于句首的是名詞時(shí)，其前習(xí)慣上不用冠詞或其他限定詞。如：Expert though [as] he was, he failed. 他雖是專(zhuān)家，但還是失敗了。Big puzzle though [as] it was, it hadn’t got the better of Jim. 雖然是個(gè)大難題，但仍沒(méi)有難倒吉姆。6. 不要按漢語(yǔ)“雖然……但是……”的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，在 although 后連用 but。如：雖然他只是個(gè)業(yè)余愛(ài)好者，但卻是一流的高手。誤：Although he’s only an amateur, but he’s a firstclass player.正：Although he’s only an amateur, he’s a firstclass player.但是在強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，although 可與 yet, still 等副詞連用。如：Though he seems happy, yet he is worried. 雖然他看起來(lái)很幸福，但他實(shí)際上很煩惱。注意：值得一提的是，在某些特定的語(yǔ)境中，although 與 but 連用的句子是可能的（注：but 引出的句子在 although 從句之前）。如：But I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later. 但我當(dāng)時(shí)的確不知道此事，盡管后來(lái)還是知道了。He wanted to go abroad, but although he had some money he couldn’t afford it. 他想出國(guó)，盡管他有些錢(qián)，但還是負(fù)擔(dān)不起。I tried doing the accounts, but although I knew some maths I found it very difficult. 我試著算這些賬，但盡管我懂點(diǎn)數(shù)學(xué)，仍感到很困難。分析：此句將 but 與 although 用在一起，但此句也沒(méi)有錯(cuò)誤。該句從總體來(lái)看，它是一個(gè)以并列連詞 but 連接的并列句，而在該并列句的后面一句又是一個(gè)包含讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 although I knew some maths 的復(fù)合句——這種句型就是所謂的并列復(fù)合句。此句也可改寫(xiě)為 I tried doing the accounts, but I found it