【正文】 rightfully sorry, but I can’t see you today. 太對(duì)不起了，我今天不能見你。He was the last but one to arrive. 他是倒數(shù)第二個(gè)到的。2. however 表示“然而”、“可是”時(shí)，有的詞書認(rèn)為它是連詞，有的詞書認(rèn)為它是副詞。3. 當(dāng)連接兩個(gè)句子時(shí)，其前通常應(yīng)用分號(hào)，或另起新句。I’ve been away only for three years, yet I can hardly recognize my hometown. 我僅在外三年，可我?guī)缀跽J(rèn)不出我自己的故鄉(xiāng)了。I gave him ten pounds (and) yet he was not satisfied. 我給了他十鎊但他仍不滿足。請(qǐng)看下面兩道考題：考查表示時(shí)間的用法，其意為“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”。While we don’t agree we continue to be friends. 盡管我們意見不同，我們還是朋友。Some people waste food while others haven’t enough. 一些人糟踏食物而另一些人卻食不果腹。如：While (he was) in prison, she wrote her first novel. 她在獄中寫出了第一部小說。注：neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)句子，注意用倒裝語序。The book must be here, or else you’ve lost it. 這書一定在這兒，要不就是你丟失了。There’s just one or two details I want to make sure about. 還有一兩個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)我想弄清楚。注意：for表示結(jié)果通常不能放句首，也不能單獨(dú)使用。He took the food eagerly, for he has eaten nothing since dawn. 他狼吞虎咽地吃了起來，因?yàn)樗麖奶炝辆蜎]吃過東西。因?yàn)樗v法語，她生氣了。在筆語中，在此處常有一個(gè)逗號(hào)。There happened to be a policeman on the corner, so I asked him the way. 恰好拐角處有一位警察，我就向他問路了。如：Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 他會(huì)得寸進(jìn)尺。People who are either under age or over age may not join the army. 年齡不到或者超齡的人都不得參軍。(2) 連接兩個(gè)相同的動(dòng)詞，表示動(dòng)作的反復(fù)或連續(xù)。②強(qiáng)調(diào)差別，意為“與……不同”。注意：但是，如果go和e不是以動(dòng)詞原形出現(xiàn)，而是以過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、動(dòng)名詞等方式出現(xiàn)，則其后應(yīng)不定式表示目的。4. 用在祈使句后，表示結(jié)果，意為“那么”（暗示一種條件）。6. 在主從復(fù)合句中，不要在主句前誤加 and。 food and clothing 衣食8. 比較以下各組句子有無連詞 and 的差別：天氣晴朗，我們出去散了步。He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走時(shí)他來了。Hold on until I fetch help. 堅(jiān)持一下，等我找人來幫忙。若選C，句意為：我們一直在離開，直到他來就不離開了。如：I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。You can call me any time you want to. 你隨時(shí)都可以給我打電話。Much as I like you, I couldn’t live with you. 我盡管很喜歡你，卻不能和你一起生活。如：As you weren’t there I left a message. 因?yàn)槟悴辉谀抢铮伊袅藗€(gè)信兒。In case it rains they will stay at home. 萬一下雨，他們就呆在家里。2. 通常用 if 的場(chǎng)合當(dāng)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)否定的賓語從句時(shí)，通常用 if 而不用 whether。(2) 引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)。如：I don’t know whether he is wrong or she is wrong. 我不知道是他錯(cuò)了，還是她錯(cuò)了。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我擔(dān)心是否傷了她的感情。unless和if not均可表示“如果不”，有時(shí)用法相同，有時(shí)不同，請(qǐng)看題：You’ll miss the train __________ you hurry up. A. unless B. as C. if not D. until 此題應(yīng)選 A。試體會(huì)：I’ll stay at home unless I am invited (=if I am not invited) to the party. 要是不邀請(qǐng)我去參加 晚會(huì)，我就呆在家里。in case用作連詞的用法in case用作連詞時(shí)有以下兩個(gè)用法：1. 表示條件，意為“如果”“萬一”。I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind. 我給你留一個(gè)座位，以防你會(huì)改變主意。He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他關(guān)窗子用力很大, 結(jié)果玻璃震破了。如：A：Why do you love her? 你為什么愛她?B：Because she is kind. 因?yàn)楹苌屏?。傳統(tǒng)語法認(rèn)為這類句型不能用 because, 但在現(xiàn)代英語中用because 的情形已很普遍。Because you have words with your wife is no reason to smash up things. 你和你的妻子吵架并不能成為摔東西的理由。如：It is because of hard work. 那是因?yàn)樾量喙ぷ鞯脑颉. since 可用于省略句，而其他三者不行：Since so, I have nothing to say. 既然如此，我無話可說。如果用in that引導(dǎo)從句，則它是一個(gè)習(xí)語，意思是“因?yàn)椤薄坝捎凇?，與從屬連詞because意思相同。主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。如：Though [Although] they’re expensive, people buy them. 雖然它們很昂貴，人們還是買。如：She treats me as though I were a stranger. 她待我仿佛我是一個(gè)陌生人。Much though [as] I like you, I couldn’t live with you. 我盡管很喜歡你, 卻不能和你在一起生活。如：雖然他只是個(gè)業(yè)余愛好者，但卻是一流的高手。該句從總體來看，它是一個(gè)以并列連詞 but 連接的并列句，而在該并列句的后面一句又是一個(gè)包含讓步狀語從句 although I knew some maths 的復(fù)合句——這種句型就是所謂的并列復(fù)合句。如：But I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later. 但我當(dāng)時(shí)的確不知道此事，盡管后來還是知道了。注意，若倒裝后置于句首的是名詞時(shí)，其前習(xí)慣上不用冠詞或其他限定詞。Although [Though] (he is) still young he is going very grey. 盡管他還年輕他的頭發(fā)卻已變得灰白。這樣用的though通常位于句末，但有時(shí)位于句首的though也有這樣的意思。Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我們?nèi)〉玫囊磺谐删投細(xì)w功于你們的支持。we have two managing directors. 由于我們有兩位總經(jīng)理，所以情況很復(fù)雜。 (此句不能用 because 代 for)如何理解in that引導(dǎo)從句的用法如果是作為自由搭配in that，那么它的意思需視上下文而定。It is because he is honest that I like him. 是因?yàn)樗\(chéng)實(shí)我才喜歡他。He left the pany because of what the boss said at the meeting. 他離開了這家公司，是因?yàn)槔习逶跁?huì)上講的話。如：You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不要因?yàn)橛腥苏f你壞話而生氣。3. 漢語說“因?yàn)椤浴保⒄Z卻不能用 because…so…這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。Since we’ve no money, we can’t buy it. 由于我們沒錢，我們無法購買它。(四)、引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞。In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait. 如果他在我回來之前到，請(qǐng)讓他等等我。主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。要是不下雨，我們就去。如：I don’t know whether [if] he will win or not. 我不知他是否能贏。如：I’m not sure whether to stay or leave. 我不知是留還是去。如：Whether he is single I don’t know. 他是否單身，我不知道。3. 通常用 whether 的場(chǎng)合(1) 引導(dǎo)主語從句且放在句首時(shí)。if與whether的用法區(qū)別兩者在表示“是否”時(shí)的用法區(qū)別如下：1. 互換的場(chǎng)合引導(dǎo)賓語從句表示“是否”時(shí), 兩者常可互換。(二)、引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞。As I was ing here, I met your brother. 我來這里時(shí)碰到了你的弟弟。若其后不接從句，而接名詞，則用介詞 with 表示“隨著”。 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的時(shí)間連詞。誤：We started until the rain stopped. 正：We didn’t start until the rain stopped. 直到 雨停我們才開始。要弄清此題需弄清以下幾點(diǎn)：1. until 意為“一直到……”，其相應(yīng)主句的謂語只能是持續(xù)性的，而不能是終止性的。After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我們將坐在草地上。both of whom are naughty.正：He has two children, and both of them are naughty.三、從屬連詞的用法(一)、引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的從屬連詞表示“當(dāng)…時(shí)候”或“每當(dāng)”的時(shí)間連詞。左右 north and south 南北food and drink 飲食如：One more step and I will fire. 你再動(dòng)一步，我就要開槍了。 I came to talk to you. 我不是來跟比爾說話的，我是來跟你說話的。如： I must go and help my mother. 我必須去幫助我母親。如：He kept moaning on and on. 他呻吟不已。He hasn’t had anything published and he calls himself a writer! 他什么都沒發(fā)表過，卻自稱作家！2. 有時(shí)用于連接兩個(gè)相同的詞語，主要有以下用法：(1) 連接兩個(gè)相同的比較級(jí)，表示“越來越……”。The weather is mild today。I forgot to post the letter, and so she never heard about my divorce. 我忘了寄那封信了，所以她一直不知道我離婚的事。The door was locked, so we couldn’t get in. 門上鎖了，所以我們進(jìn)不去。He took the food eagerly, for he has eaten nothing since dawn. 他狼吞虎咽地吃了起來，因?yàn)樗麖奶炝辆蜎]吃過東西。for表示原因時(shí)的四個(gè)“不能” for引導(dǎo)的從句不能位于它所解釋的動(dòng)詞之前：Because it was wet he took a taxi. 因?yàn)橄掠?，他叫了一輛出租車。He shook his head, for he thought differently. 他搖了搖頭，因?yàn)樗胁煌敕?。如?He shook his head, for he thought differently. 他搖了搖頭，因?yàn)樗胁煌敕?。They didn39。ll be late for school. 趕快，否則你上學(xué)就要遲到了。(二)、表選擇的并列連詞主要 or (或者，還是，否則), either…or…(不是…就是…), neither…or…(既不…也不…), otherwise (要不然)等。如：Wh