【正文】 的名詞時(shí)，不能變被動(dòng)句。例：he left beijing by bus yesterday.(11)賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，不能變被動(dòng)句。例：he has finished reading the book.八、句 法第一節(jié) 疑問(wèn)句一、一般疑問(wèn)句一般疑問(wèn)句以be,have情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞開(kāi)始，要求以yes或no回答。（有時(shí)也用certainly/perhaps/not at all回答），句子通常用升調(diào)。例如：Are you a student? am/no I am not.Can you speak english? am/no I can notHave they been living here for 20 year? have/ haven′t.如果是單個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)要在主語(yǔ)前加助動(dòng)詞do或者does,過(guò)去時(shí)要加助動(dòng)詞did,而主語(yǔ)后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用動(dòng)詞原形。例如：Does he do his homework every evening?Does she go to school yesterday?二、特殊疑問(wèn)句特殊疑問(wèn)句一般以疑問(wèn)代詞who/whom/whose/which/what和疑問(wèn)副詞when/where/why/how以及how引出的詞組how many/how long等開(kāi)頭，不能用yes或者no來(lái)回答，句子通常用降調(diào)。語(yǔ)序：當(dāng)疑問(wèn)詞或由其所修飾的詞不作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用一般疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序。疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句當(dāng)疑問(wèn)詞或由其所修飾的動(dòng)詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用陳述句語(yǔ)序。疑問(wèn)句+陳述句例如：When did you begin to learn english?Who (which student)is the talls in your class?who/what/which作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常按第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)對(duì)待。例如：Who is knocking at the door?what is sb?是問(wèn)職業(yè)；who is sb?是問(wèn)姓名或者與某人的關(guān)系。how many/how much/how long/how soon/how often/how many times/how far/how old等詞的用法區(qū)別。How many+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/how much+不可數(shù)名詞(都是問(wèn)數(shù)量)how long：?jiǎn)栆欢窝永m(xù)的時(shí)間有多長(zhǎng)，回答用for+一般時(shí)間或者since+點(diǎn)時(shí)間。how soon：?jiǎn)柲呈逻^(guò)多久將會(huì)發(fā)生，回答用in+一般時(shí)間。how often：?jiǎn)柲骋粍?dòng)作重復(fù)發(fā)生的頻率或間隔的時(shí)間，回答用three times a day.how many times：對(duì)動(dòng)作的次數(shù)提問(wèn)，回答時(shí)用once/twice等詞。how far：對(duì)路程、距離進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。how old：對(duì)年齡進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。例如：1）three are fifity students in our class.How many studenta are there in your class?2)this shirt is twentyfive yuan.How much is this shirt?3)my uncle has taught english for twenty years.How long has your uncle taught english?4)i go to the cinema once a week.How often do you go to the cinema?5)it is about three kilometers away from your school to our home town.How far is it from our school to your hometown?6)jim will e back in threedays.How soon will jim eback?7)i have been to the greatwall ongly once.How many times have you been to the greatwall?8)he is only five years old.How old is he?三、選擇疑問(wèn)句提出兩個(gè)（或多個(gè)）選項(xiàng)看那一個(gè)正確的句子。兩部分（或多部分）由or連接，or前的部分讀升調(diào)，or后的部分讀降調(diào)。不能用yes或no來(lái)回答，語(yǔ)序?yàn)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句語(yǔ)序。例如：Are you a teacher or a student?I am,a student.四、反意疑問(wèn)句反意疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成是：陳述句+簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句若陳述部分是肯定形式，簡(jiǎn)短就用否定形式；若陳述部分是否定形式，簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句要用肯定形式。例如：Li ping is a boy,isn′t he?Liu mei isn′t tall,is she?當(dāng)陳述部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞have，簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句用do的相應(yīng)形式。例如：We have only bread for breakfast,don′t we?You all had a good time,didn′t you?當(dāng)陳述句的主語(yǔ)是I/one/everyone/anyone/someone/each/Everything等代詞時(shí)，簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句有下列幾種情況：(1)i am a teacher,aren′t I ?(ain′t I ?)(2)one can′t study too hard,canone?(3)everyone knowa the secret,don′t they?(doesn′t he ?)(4)nobody can do it,can they?(5)everything has gone wrong today,hasn′t it?(6)nothing can frighten him,can it?當(dāng)陳述部分帶有never/seldom/hardly/few/little等含否定或部分否定意義時(shí)，簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句要用肯定形式。例如：He has never done it,has he?It seldom rains in the desert, doesn′t?若陳述部分為祈使句時(shí)，簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句一般要用“will you”或者“shall you”.例如：Do it again,will you?Let is go to school, shall we ?注意：let us go home，will you ?若陳述部分為“there be+主語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)”的句型時(shí)，后面的簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句中要用there.例如：There will be a meeting tomorrow,won′t there?若陳述部分有含否定意義的前綴的單詞時(shí)，陳述部分仍視為肯定形式，簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句用否定形式。例如：She is unhappy,isn′t she?若陳述部分是表示建議的“you′d better not…”句式時(shí)，疑問(wèn)部分常用will you?當(dāng)you′d better的句式是肯定形式時(shí)，疑問(wèn)部分可用hadn′t you?例如：you′d better not go now,will you?you′d better stay in bed till tomorrow , hadn′t you?若陳述部分中用need或dare作助動(dòng)詞，簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句中仍用need或dare；若他們用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句開(kāi)頭要用助動(dòng)詞do的適當(dāng)形式。You needn′t clean it ,need you ?He needs a dictionary, dosen′t he ?若陳述部分中的must作必須解時(shí)，“推斷”或“判斷”意義時(shí)，簡(jiǎn)短句開(kāi)頭要用must后面動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式。例：We must finish it today,mustn′t we ?It must be ling feng ,isn′t it ?1當(dāng)陳述部分是一個(gè)含有以that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句時(shí)，疑問(wèn)部分多以主句為反問(wèn)原體。例如：We are sure that we can beat them ,aren′t we?They said that they had a good time,didn′t they?1若陳述部分是“I think(believe)+that從句”時(shí)，其簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與從句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)保持人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)上的一致。例如：I don′t think he is right，is he ?第二節(jié) 祈使句 感嘆句 倒裝句一、祈使句祈使句表示請(qǐng)求、命令、叮囑、號(hào)召等，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形。例如：e in be careful!祈使句的否定形式以do not(縮寫(xiě)為don′t)或never引起。例如：don′t be careless. Never do that again.“do +祈使句”表示一種強(qiáng)烈的感情或請(qǐng)示。例如：do e on time(務(wù)必)準(zhǔn)時(shí)來(lái)。在直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)中，祈使句的肯定形式為to do…，否定形式為not to do….例：（1）the teacher said to the student,“e in ,please”.The teacher asked the student to e in.(2)mom told the child ,don′t play with fire.Mom asked the child not to play with fire.let+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)，構(gòu)成祈使句例如：let me help you.二、感嘆句what作定語(yǔ)，用來(lái)修飾名詞，結(jié)構(gòu)如下：（1）當(dāng)被修飾的詞是可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式時(shí)，用下面的結(jié)構(gòu)。What+a(n)+形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)例如：what a useful dictionary it is!What an interesting film this is.(2)當(dāng)被修飾的詞是可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，用下面的結(jié)構(gòu)。What+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)例如：what clever student they are!(3)當(dāng)被修飾的詞是不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，用下面的結(jié)構(gòu)：What+形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)例如：what fine weather it is!how 用來(lái)修飾形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞，結(jié)構(gòu)如下：(1)how+形容詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)例如：how beautiful the pictures are!(2)how+形容詞+a(n)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)例如：how good an idea this is!(3)how+副詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)例如：how well the children draw!(4)how+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)例如：how time flies!感嘆詞的省略形式。無(wú)論是what還是how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，都常在口語(yǔ)中省略句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。例如：what a good child!How fast!三、倒裝句在there/here+be（或表示狀語(yǔ)性的動(dòng)詞）結(jié)構(gòu)中使用倒裝句式。例如：There are some flowers in the picture.Long ,long ago,there lived a king.Here is a little for you.在以there/here/in/out/up/down/away等副詞引起的句子中，使用倒裝句式，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。例：here es the bus!Out ran the children.注意：如果主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)，主謂部分要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。例如：here you are! There he is!在以so 開(kāi)頭的句子中使用倒裝句式表示“也”例：he can ride a bike,and so can I !注意：如果前句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中用助動(dòng)詞do/dose/did或系動(dòng)詞be,如果前句中含有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中則要根據(jù)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)使用相應(yīng)的助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。例如：he is working hard,and so are we.so有時(shí)也可以表示對(duì)前句內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步肯定，意思相當(dāng)于“是的”、“的確如此”，此時(shí)不可用倒裝句。例如：It is fine today,isn′t it ?今天天氣不錯(cuò)，是嗎？Oh, so it ，的確如此。（不用so is it ）在以neither/nor開(kāi)頭的句子中，常使用倒裝句式，表示“也不”例如：tom didn′t watch tv last night,neither/nor did I .第三節(jié) 主謂一致、賓語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句一、主謂一致在英語(yǔ)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上必須和主語(yǔ)保持一致。以there或here引起的句子，謂語(yǔ)是be動(dòng)詞時(shí)，如果主語(yǔ)是并列的幾個(gè)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)和最靠近它的一個(gè)名詞保持人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的一致。例如：There are two trees and a well behind the house.Here is an apple,two oranges and some peaches for you.由neither…nor/either…or/not only…but also/not…but等連接的名詞或代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與最靠近他的一