【導(dǎo)讀】冠詞分為不定冠詞，定冠詞，和零冠詞。2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingfor你。6用于固定詞組中acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime. 2用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean. 1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air. 3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring. 7以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight

　　

【正文】 . Are they leaving for Europe? 2 be about to + 動詞原形 表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語 I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close. 3 be to + 動詞原形 表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. 4 一般現(xiàn)在時表將來 時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來 The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening. 項 目 區(qū) 別 例 句 一般過去時 與 現(xiàn)在完成時的比較 現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)過去動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或 造成的 結(jié)果 We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her? A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 說明： 說話者強調(diào) Jane 目前的狀況 . Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. works (只說明他過去當(dāng)過木匠不涉及到現(xiàn)在 ) 一般過去時只表達過去的動作或狀態(tài) Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here? A. don’t know。 were you B. hadn’t known。 are you C. haven’t known。 are D. didn’t know。 have you been 說明： didn’t know 強調(diào)見面前不知道 I read the novel last month. (只說明上個月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住 ) 現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成 進行時的比較 著重表示動作的結(jié)果時，用現(xiàn)在完成時 I have read that 。（知道那本書的內(nèi)容） 著重表示動作一直在進行，即動作的延續(xù)性時，則用現(xiàn)在完成進行時 —Hi, Tracy, you look tired. —I am tired. I _______ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 說明： 強調(diào)動作從過去到現(xiàn)在的延續(xù) 現(xiàn)在進行時 與 過去進行時的比較 現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作 I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out。 es B. have just helped out。 will e C. am just helping out。 es D. will just help out。 has e 說明： 指目前一段時間正在發(fā)生的動作 , until 引導(dǎo)的是時間狀語從句 ,動詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時 。 過去進行時表示某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作 — Hey, look where you are going! — Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. 說明： 對 話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對方時正在做的事情 . fa3e10bf1d65c153d26dc1a64fe61e99 10 j 一般過去時 與 過去進行時的比較 一般過去時只表達過去的動作或狀態(tài) Tom________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped。 was noticing B. had slipped。 noticed C. slipped。 had noticed D. was slipping。 noticed 說明： slip 和 notice 為同時發(fā)生的動作，因此 B、 C 為錯誤選項， slipped 指過去有結(jié)果的動作（他溜進去了）， when no one was noticing 指他溜進去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒有人注意）。 過去進行時表示某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作 He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. A. wrote。 has finished B. was writing。 has finished C. was writing。 had finished D. wrote。 will finish 說明： 正確選項為 B. 從 I don’t know if he has finished ，他去年一直在寫。 II. 動詞的被動語態(tài) 常用被動語態(tài) 構(gòu) 成 常用被動語態(tài) 構(gòu) 成 1 一般現(xiàn)在時 am/is/are done 6 過去進行時 was/were being done 2 一般過去時 was/were done 7 現(xiàn)在完成時 have/has been done 3 一般將來時 shall/will be done 8 過去完成時 had been done 4 過去將來時 should/would be done 9 將來完成時 will/would have been done 5 現(xiàn)在進行時 am/is/are being done 10 含有情態(tài)動詞的 can/must/may be done 注 意 事 項 被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加 not，短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu) be going to, used to, have to, had better 變 為被動態(tài)時，只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 被動語態(tài)的句型 句式是：主語（受動者）＋ be＋過去分詞＋（ by＋施動者） ： He was scolded by the English teacher. ＋ get＋過去分詞＋其它成分 ： The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有 “by＋施動者 ” （直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動句變?yōu)閯泳?，其主語可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。 She lent me a bike.?被動： ① I was lent a bike(by her). ② A bike was lent to me(by her). ＋ be＋過去分詞 ： This problem must be worked out in half an hour. ：主語＋被動式謂語＋不定式的被動式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the readingroom. The murderer was ordered to be shot. 下面 主動形式常表示被動意義 ，用以表示主語的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài) 。 常見動詞是： cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash 等。 This knife cuts 。 These books sell 。 The pen writes 。 The cloth washes 。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot 。 ＋形容詞。常見動 look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out 等 。 The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft. 不可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的幾種情況 teach myself Myself is taught 。 help each other/one Each other/One another is helped by 。 lost Heart was lost by him. 因為象 lose heart, make a face, keep silence, lose in thought 這類動賓 結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語只能用于主動式，不能用被動式。 took part in the sports The sports meet was taken part in by her. 因為象 take part in, belong to , own, have, hate, fail, contain 等表狀態(tài)動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。 含有短語動詞在被動語態(tài)中介詞不能丟 Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. 特別注意以下句子的結(jié) 構(gòu)： Every minute must be made full use of to study English. 下面詞或短語沒有被動態(tài)： leave, enter, reach, bee, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, e about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等 七、非謂語動詞 非謂語動詞的語法功能 所能充當(dāng)?shù)某煞? 主語 表語 賓語 賓語補足語 定語 狀語 Ving 形式 現(xiàn)在分詞 △ △ △ △ fa3e10bf1d65c153d26dc1a64fe61e99 11 j 動名詞 △ △ △ △ 不定式（ to do） △ △ △ △ △ △ 過去分詞 (done) △ △ △ △ 注：現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過去分詞都可以作獨立成分 generally speaking 一般說來； frankly speaking 坦白地說； judging from/by...根據(jù) ……來判斷； considering.../taking...into consideration 考慮到 ……； to tell you the truth 說實話； seeing...考慮到 ……； supposing 假設(shè)，如果； providing 如果； given 考慮到，鑒于； provided that 如果 非謂語動詞的 形式變化 在解非謂語習(xí)題時同學(xué)們遇到最大的困難有兩個：一是如何判別是謂語動詞還是非謂語動詞；二是如何選用哪一種非謂語動詞及其恰當(dāng)?shù)男问健? 一、謂語與非謂語的比較 非謂語動詞是漢語中沒有的語言現(xiàn)象。漢語中幾個謂語動詞連用而動詞不用作任何形式的變化。如：他明天 來拜訪 你。翻譯成英語不是 He wi