【導(dǎo)讀】冠詞分為不定冠詞，定冠詞，和零冠詞。2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingfor你。6用于固定詞組中acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime. 2用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean. 1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air. 3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring. 7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight

　　

【正文】 . Are they leaving for Europe? 2 be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close. 3 be to + 動(dòng)詞原形 表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. 4 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái) 時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái) The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening. 項(xiàng) 目 區(qū) 別 例 句 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 與 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或 造成的 結(jié)果 We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her? A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 說(shuō)明： 說(shuō)話者強(qiáng)調(diào) Jane 目前的狀況 . Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. works (只說(shuō)明他過(guò)去當(dāng)過(guò)木匠不涉及到現(xiàn)在 ) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here? A. don’t know。 were you B. hadn’t known。 are you C. haven’t known。 are D. didn’t know。 have you been 說(shuō)明： didn’t know 強(qiáng)調(diào)見面前不知道 I read the novel last month. (只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住 ) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成 進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較 著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) I have read that 。（知道那本書的內(nèi)容） 著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) —Hi, Tracy, you look tired. —I am tired. I _______ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 說(shuō)明： 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的延續(xù) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 與 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______. A. just help out。 es B. have just helped out。 will e C. am just helping out。 es D. will just help out。 has e 說(shuō)明： 指目前一段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 , until 引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 ,動(dòng)詞需用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 — Hey, look where you are going! — Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice. 說(shuō)明： 對(duì) 話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對(duì)方時(shí)正在做的事情 . fa3e10bf1d65c153d26dc1a64fe61e99 10 j 一般過(guò)去時(shí) 與 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較 一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) Tom________ into the house when no one ___________. A. slipped。 was noticing B. had slipped。 noticed C. slipped。 had noticed D. was slipping。 noticed 說(shuō)明： slip 和 notice 為同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此 B、 C 為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)， slipped 指過(guò)去有結(jié)果的動(dòng)作（他溜進(jìn)去了）， when no one was noticing 指他溜進(jìn)去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒(méi)有人注意）。 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示某個(gè)時(shí)候或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it. A. wrote。 has finished B. was writing。 has finished C. was writing。 had finished D. wrote。 will finish 說(shuō)明： 正確選項(xiàng)為 B. 從 I don’t know if he has finished ，他去年一直在寫。 II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 構(gòu) 成 常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 構(gòu) 成 1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are done 6 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were being done 2 一般過(guò)去時(shí) was/were done 7 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has been done 3 一般將來(lái)時(shí) shall/will be done 8 過(guò)去完成時(shí) had been done 4 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) should/would be done 9 將來(lái)完成時(shí) will/would have been done 5 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am/is/are being done 10 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的 can/must/may be done 注 意 事 項(xiàng) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加 not，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu) be going to, used to, have to, had better 變 為被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。 Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 漢語(yǔ)有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句型 句式是：主語(yǔ)（受動(dòng)者）＋ be＋過(guò)去分詞＋（ by＋施動(dòng)者） ： He was scolded by the English teacher. ＋ get＋過(guò)去分詞＋其它成分 ： The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有 “by＋施動(dòng)者 ” （直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)）的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句，其主語(yǔ)可以是直接賓語(yǔ)，也可以是間接賓語(yǔ)。 She lent me a bike.?被動(dòng)： ① I was lent a bike(by her). ② A bike was lent to me(by her). ＋ be＋過(guò)去分詞 ： This problem must be worked out in half an hour. ：主語(yǔ)＋被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)＋不定式的被動(dòng)式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the readingroom. The murderer was ordered to be shot. 下面 主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義 ，用以表示主語(yǔ)的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài) 。 常見動(dòng)詞是： cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash 等。 This knife cuts 。 These books sell 。 The pen writes 。 The cloth washes 。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot 。 ＋形容詞。常見動(dòng) look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out 等 。 The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful. The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft. 不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況 teach myself Myself is taught 。 help each other/one Each other/One another is helped by 。 lost Heart was lost by him. 因?yàn)橄?lose heart, make a face, keep silence, lose in thought 這類動(dòng)賓 結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語(yǔ)只能用于主動(dòng)式，不能用被動(dòng)式。 took part in the sports The sports meet was taken part in by her. 因?yàn)橄?take part in, belong to , own, have, hate, fail, contain 等表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 含有短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中介詞不能丟 Much attention must be paid to your handwriting. 特別注意以下句子的結(jié) 構(gòu)： Every minute must be made full use of to study English. 下面詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)： leave, enter, reach, bee, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, e about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等 七、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法功能 所能充當(dāng)?shù)某煞? 主語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ) Ving 形式 現(xiàn)在分詞 △ △ △ △ fa3e10bf1d65c153d26dc1a64fe61e99 11 j 動(dòng)名詞 △ △ △ △ 不定式（ to do） △ △ △ △ △ △ 過(guò)去分詞 (done) △ △ △ △ 注：現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過(guò)去分詞都可以作獨(dú)立成分 generally speaking 一般說(shuō)來(lái)； frankly speaking 坦白地說(shuō)； judging from/by...根據(jù) ……來(lái)判斷； considering.../taking...into consideration 考慮到 ……； to tell you the truth 說(shuō)實(shí)話； seeing...考慮到 ……； supposing 假設(shè)，如果； providing 如果； given 考慮到，鑒于； provided that 如果 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的 形式變化 在解非謂語(yǔ)習(xí)題時(shí)同學(xué)們遇到最大的困難有兩個(gè)：一是如何判別是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；二是如何選用哪一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及其恰當(dāng)?shù)男问健? 一、謂語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)的比較 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。漢語(yǔ)中幾個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用而動(dòng)詞不用作任何形式的變化。如：他明天 來(lái)拜訪 你。翻譯成英語(yǔ)不是 He wi