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doctrine, or a bination of the two. the states practice about how to deal with the relation between international law and domestic law. ? Transformation refers to the express and specific adoption of a rule of international law by the municipal law system. Transformation will usually be carried out by the enactment of a municipal statute. The transformation doctrine provides that no rule of international law will bee part of municipal law unless it is specifically included. ? 轉(zhuǎn)化式:國家為了使條約在國內(nèi)適用,要求必須通過國內(nèi)立法機關(guān)的立法行為將條約內(nèi)容制定國內(nèi)法后才能在國內(nèi)適用。 Incorporation avoids the need for new legislation, since it denotes the view that rules of international law are automatically bee part of municipal law unless they are specifically excluded. Those States which have written constitutions will often make specific reference to the manner in which international law is to be treated by the municipal courts. 并入式:有些國家通過憲法和法律統(tǒng)一規(guī)定 , 將條約一般地納入國內(nèi)法 , 在國內(nèi)直接適用 , 而無須將其轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閲鴥?nèi)法的形式 。 中國對待國際法與國內(nèi)法關(guān)系的立場 ? 中華人民共和國憲法對于國際法和條約在國內(nèi)的效力沒有明確的規(guī)定。 ? 1986年 《 民法通則 》 第 142條規(guī)定 “ 中華人民共和國締結(jié)或參加的國際條約同中華人民共和國民事法律有不同規(guī)定的,適用國際條約的規(guī)定,但中國聲明保留的除外。中華人民共和國法律和其締結(jié)或者參加的國際條約,沒有規(guī)定的,可以適用國際慣例。 ” ? 其實自 1982年以來,就連續(xù)有一些法律作類似的規(guī)定,從這些規(guī)定來看,中國締結(jié)或參加的條約在國內(nèi)是有直接的效力,同時,他們的規(guī)定如果與國內(nèi)不同應有優(yōu)先適用。但是,由于這些規(guī)定是限于個別法律,還不能說是已經(jīng)是在中國法律體系中已經(jīng)完全確立了的規(guī)則。 ? 不過,一系列范圍很廣的法律作了這樣的規(guī)定的事實充分說明立法政策的明顯傾向,從而有使條約優(yōu)于國內(nèi)法成為一項具有普通性的規(guī)則的可能。 ? 小結(jié): ? First: international law and domestic law are very different so that they constitute two separate legal systems. ? Second : international law and national law are closely linked. ? Third : how to deal with the conflicts between international law and national law. Important Words: municipal (domestic law) govern Regulate principle Regulation system individual legal person natural person nationstates international anizations political entities Important Words: international personality legislative anization judicial anization administrative anization subjects objects Jus Gentium The Peace of Westphalia Grotius De Jure Belli et Pacis Monism Dualism Transformation Incorporation