【正文】 integrated into the society. The above shows the cruelty of capitalist society. But in Ursula’s later life, she realizes that it is a society full of material desires. When she steps into the university, she gradually finds that teachers are just rigid pastors and the university is just a misleading grocery store, its purpose is just to make money. “The classteaching itself at last became almost mechanical. It was a strain to her, an exhausting wearying strain, always unnatural”(Lawrence 344). While as teachers, “must bring them all as scholars into subjection”(Lawrence 334). Because only by doing that can the school receives more honour and social admission. The most important thing for the schools is to gain more material benefits. People who yield to interests of material in the capitalist society will totally turn to be servants. From Ursula’s experience, we can feel strongly that the socalled modern civilization society is an alienated society. Man’s alienation from manThe Rainbow focuses on the conflict relation between the male and female. Lawrence writes, “to human beings, the most important relation will always be the relationship between men and women”(Lawrence 216). In the eye of Lawrence, he thinks that perfect love should be the harmony of body and soul. Thus Lawrence suggests both male and female should keep their own independent personality first and then bee plete men. In The Rainbow, Lawrence tries to analyze the marriage of the protagonists is not perfect. Anna is Lydia former husband’s daughter. When she marries Tom Brangwen’s nephew Weal, their conflict is constant. It is mainly embodied in the following two aspects. On one hand, Weal is addicted in church very much. To him, church has an irresistible attraction. Lawrence describes, “And in the gloom and the mystery of the Church his soul lived and ran free, like something strange, underground thing, abstract”(132). But Anna shows little interest in church. “he was not interested in the thought of himself or of her: oh, and how that irritated her! He ignored the sermon, he ignored the greatness of mankind, he did not admit the immediate importance of mankind. He did not care about himself as a human being”(Lawrence 132). She thinks that Weal’s passion on religion is shady and indifferent to human nature. So Anna feels extremely disgusted and attempts to prevent his passion. On the other hand, Anna has higher selfseeking, just as Lawrence writes in The Rainbow, “her soul was in quest of something, which was not just being good, and doing one’s best. No, she wanted something else: something that was not her readymade duty, and never of her self”(130). But Weal is inherently weak, stubborn and only needs sensual satisfaction. So they often blame each other. As Lawrence puts it, “they fought an unknown battle, unconsciously”(Lawrence 140). As time goes by, they increasingly live for external materialism. At last, Weal buys a motorcycle and regards it as his spiritual substance. In other words, they are indifferent to each other in the spiritual life. Man’s alienation from selfIn The Rainbow, Anton is the representative of current social system and mentality. In his deep soul, “his self, namely his soul which is supposed to realize is dead now” (伍厚愷 195). As The Rainbow is created at the beginning of the first war, Lawrence’s antiwar thought is embodied in the Ursula’s attitude to the war. Lawrence writes:‘Do you like to be a soldier?’ She asked. ‘I am not exactly a soldier,’ he replied. ‘But you only do things for wars,’ she said. ‘Yes.’ ‘Would you like to go to war?’ ‘I? Well, it would be exciting. If there were a war I would want to go.’ A strange, distracted feeling came over her, a sense of potent unrealities. ‘Why would you want to go?’ ‘I should be doing something, it would be genuine. It’s a sort of toylife as it is.’ ‘But what would you be doing if you went to war.’ ‘I would be making railways or bridges, working like a nigger.’ ‘But you’d only make them to be pulled down again when the armies had done with them. It seems just as much a game.’(Lawrence 260)However, Anton treats the war as something sacred. He claims “I would fight for the nation”(Lawrence 261) and “I would do what everybody else does”(Lawrence 261). From his point of view, we can see that he only strives for the paramount interests of country and society can show his importance. Material benefit is the highest interests of the United Kingdom at that time and also bee Anton’s highest interest: “I belong to the nation and must do my duty by the nation”(Lawrence 261). Through his words, we can see that Anton has lost himself and his spirit is enslaved. That is to say he is alienated from himself. He ignores his personal values and only tries to gain more interests of substance which is needed by the society.5 Artistic devices for alienationIn order to help readers understand the alienation theme in The Rainbow better, Lawrence adopts unique artistic devices, that is, psychoanalysis and rainbow’s symbolization in the novel. Psychoanalysis in the novelIn the late 19th century, the United Kingdoms’ development was gradually slow when it was in the petition with other imperialist states. And People gradually lost their confidence. The spirit and faith crisis became the mainstream of the social values. In terms of literature, it is “psychological and moral ideals are contrary to the values”(侯維瑞 4)As a distinguished representative, Lawrence shows his concern for man’s instinct and mental state in The Rainbow. “His novels are also the reflection of the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis”(Hu 186). As emphasizing the description of the character’s psychological activities, Lawrence’s “novels sometimes are called modern psychological fiction”(Hu 186). Because he was born in the era of both spirit crisis and social