【正文】 Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2, Herpesviridae Alenquer virus, Bunyaviridae Aletia oxygala NPV, Baculoviridae Aleutian disease virus, Parvoviridae Aleutian mink disease virus, Parvoviridae Afalfa cryptic virus 1, Partitiviridae Alfalfa cryptic virus 2, Partitiviridae Alfalfa latent virus, Carlavirus Alfalfa mosaic virus, Bromoviridae Alfuy virus, Flaviviridae Allerton virus, Herpesviridae Alligatorweed stunting virus, Closterovirus Allitrich herpesvirus 1, Herpesviridae Allomyces arbuscula virus, Unassigned Almeirim virus, Reoviridae Almpiwar virus, Rhabdoviridae Alphaea phasma NPV, Baculoviridae Alsophila pometaria NPV, Baculoviridae Alstroemeria mosaic virus, Potyviridae Alstroemeria streak virus, Potyviridae Alstroemeria virus, Carlavirus Altamira virus, Reoviridae Alteromonas phage PM2, Corticoviridae Amapari virus, Arenaviridae Amaranthus leaf mottle virus, Potyviridae Amathes cnigrum NPV, Baculoviridae Amazon lily mosaic virus, Potyviridae Aglais urticae cypovirus 2, Reoviridae Aglais urticae cypovirus 6, Reoviridae Aglais urticae NPV, Baculoviridae Agraulis vanillae cypovirus 2, Reoviridae Agraulis vanillae densovirus, Parvoviridae Agraulis vanillae NPV, Baculoviridae Andraca bipunctata GV, Baculoviridae Aneilema virus, Potyviridae Angel fish reovirus, Reoviridae Anhanga virus, Bunyaviridae Anhembi virus, Bunyaviridae Anisota senatoria NPV, Baculoviridae Anomala cuprea entomopoxvirus, Poxviridae Anomis flava NPV, Baculoviridae Anomis sabulifera NPV, Baculoviridae Anomogyna elimata NPV, Baculoviridae Anopheles A virus, Bunyaviridae Anopheles 8 virus, Bunyaviridae Anopheles crucians NPV, Baculoviridae Antequera virus, Bunyaviridae Anthela varia NPV, Baculoviridae Anthelia hyperborea NPV, Baculoviridae Antheraea eucalypti virus, Tetraviridae Antheraea mylitta cypovirus 4, Reoviridae Antheraea paphia NPV, Baculoviridae Antheraea pemyi cypovirus 4, Reoviridae Antheraea pemyi NPV, Baculoviridae Antheraea polyphemus NPV, Baculoviridae Antheraea yamamai NPV, Baculoviridae Anthonomus glandis PV, Baculoviridae Anthoxan, thum latent blanching virus, Hordeivirus Anthoxanthum mosaic virus, Potyviridae Anthrenus museorum NPV, Baculoviridae Anthriscus virus, Carlavirus Anthriscus yellows virus, Sequiviridae Anticarisia gemmatalis MNPV, Baculoviridae Antitype xanthomista cypovirus 6, Reoviridae Aotine herpesvirus 1, Herpesviridae Aotine herpesvirus 2, Herpesviridae Aotine herpesvirus 3, Herpesviridae Apamea anceps GV, Baculoviridae Apamea anceps NPV, Baculoviridae Apamea sordens GV, Baculoviridae Apanteles fumiferanae virus, Polydnaviridae Apeu virus, Bunyaviridae Aphid lethal paralysis virus, Picornaviridae Aphodius tasmaniae entomopoxvirus, Poxviridae Apocheima cinerarius NPV, Baculoviridae Approved Names of All Known Viruses: There are thousands Serious Threaten ?Walter Reed discovered the first human virus –Yellow fever virus In 1901 ?HBV was discovered during 1963 to 1970. It turned out to be the most serious health problem in China ?WHO declared the deracination of Small Pox In 1980 ?AIDS patients were reported in USA In 1981. The HIV was recognised in 1983 ?There are maybe still a lot of viruses we don’t know Helical Capsids ? Helix can be defined mathematically by two parameters: amplitude (diameter) amp。 pitch (the distance covered by each plete turn of the helix) Icosahedra ? 20 equilateral triangles arranged into a sphere based on 235 rotational symmetry ? Bacteriophage 216。X174. As simple as it es. 60 identical subunits form a capsid. 3 protein subunits per triangular face. Most have more. Complicated Virus Structures 病毒立體對稱結構（ Symmetry） ? 二十面體立體對稱 （Icosahedral）：球形病毒的核衣殼形態(tài)。 ? 螺旋對稱 （ Helical）：衣殼殼粒螺旋狀排列包裹核酸，多數(shù)有包膜。 ? 復合對稱 （ Complex）：既有二十面體立體對稱結構，也有螺旋對稱結構，如噬菌體。 病毒的結構 ? 基本結構 ?核酸： DNA或者 RNA，線性或環(huán)狀，完整或分段。 ?衣殼（ Capsid）： 包裹病毒基因組的蛋白質。 ? 核衣殼（ Nucleocapsid） = Capsid + nucleic acid. ? 結構單位 (Structural units): 衣殼基本的蛋白結構單位。 ? 殼粒 (Capsomers): 電鏡下病毒表面的最小形態(tài)結構。 ? 輔助結構 ?包膜（ Envelope）： 是脂質液態(tài)雙層生物膜，是病毒出芽釋放時局部細胞膜包裹病毒衣殼即成胞膜，但包膜上含有病毒特異蛋白分子，如一些病毒的糖蛋白。