【正文】 lass of family reasons shares a border with the following category, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy the wife。 to repair or rejuvenate the marriage。 to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way. The point is underlined by its converse: in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce.　　Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself. To many people, husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family they need children to enrich the circle, to validate its family character, to gather the redemptive influence of offspring. Children need the family, but the family seems also to need children, as the social institution uniquely available, at least in principle, for security, fort, assurance, and direction in a changing, often hostile, world. To most people, such a home base, in the literal sense, needs more than one person for sustenance and in generational extension.（參考譯文）　　在某些社會(huì)中，人們希望擁有孩子是出于所謂的家庭原因：傳宗接代，光宗耀祖，博取祖輩的歡心，使那些涉及到整個(gè)家族的宗教儀式得以發(fā)揮其應(yīng)有的作用。此類原因在現(xiàn)代世俗化的社會(huì)中似顯蒼白，但它們?cè)谄渌胤皆欢葮?gòu)成并確實(shí)仍在構(gòu)成強(qiáng)有力的理由。 此外，有一類家庭原因與下列類別不無(wú)共通之處，這便是：生兒育女是為著維系或改善婚姻：能拴住丈夫或者使妻子不致于無(wú)所事事；修復(fù)婚姻或?yàn)榛橐鲎⑷胄碌幕盍?；多子多孫，以為家庭幸福，惟系于此。這一點(diǎn)更可因其相反情形而得以凸現(xiàn)：在某些社會(huì)中，無(wú)法生兒育女（或無(wú)法生育男孩）于婚姻而言可構(gòu)成一種威脅，并可作為離婚的一個(gè)順理成章的（或現(xiàn)成的）緣由。　　除了所有這一切以外，還有一個(gè)原因，那就是后代對(duì)于家庭這一體制本身所具有的深遠(yuǎn)意義。對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)，夫婦兩人尚不足以構(gòu)成一個(gè)真正意義上的家庭夫妻需要孩子來(lái)豐富其兩人小天地，賦予該小天地以真正意義上的家庭性質(zhì)，并從子孫后代身上獲取某種回報(bào)?！　『⒆有枰彝?，但家庭似乎也需要孩子。作為一種社會(huì)體制，家庭以其特有的方式，至少?gòu)脑瓌t上說(shuō)，可在一個(gè)變幻莫測(cè)、常常是充滿敵意的世界中讓人從中獲取某種安全、慰藉、保障，以及價(jià)值取向。于大多數(shù)人而言，這樣的一個(gè)家庭基礎(chǔ)，即使從其表層意義上來(lái)講，也需要不至一個(gè)人來(lái)維持其存在，并使其世代相傳，生生不息。Section A: Translate the following underlined part of the Chinese text into English（原 文）　　徐霞客一生周游考察了16個(gè)省，足跡幾乎遍及全國(guó)。他在考察的過程中，從來(lái)不盲目迷信書本上的結(jié)論。他發(fā)現(xiàn)前人研究地理的記載有許多不很可靠的地方。為了進(jìn)行真實(shí)細(xì)致的考察，他很少乘車坐船，幾乎全靠雙腳翻山越嶺，長(zhǎng)途跋涉；為了弄清大自然的真相，他總是挑選道路艱險(xiǎn)的山區(qū)，人煙稀少的森林進(jìn)行考察，發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多奇山秀景；他常常選擇不同的時(shí)間和季節(jié)，多次重游各地名山，反復(fù)觀察變換的奇景。（參考譯文）　　During his lifetime, Xu Xiake traveled around and conducted surveys in 16 provinces. He left his footsteps in virtually every part of the country. In the process of conducting his surveys and investigations, he would never blindly embrace the conclusions recorded in previous documents. Instead, he discovered that the documentations made by his predecessors in their geographical studies were not quite reliable in many aspects. In order to ensure that his reconnaissance were real and detailed, he seldom traveled by ship or by wagon. He climbed over mountains and hills and traveled long distances almost entirely on foot. In order to develop a true picture of the natural world, he made it a point of undertaking his expeditions in those mountain areas where roads were difficult to travel and in those woods that were sparsely populated. In this way he discovered many marvelous mountains and beautiful scenes. He frequently chose different times and seasons of the year to make repeated visits to the famous mountains across the country so that he could make repeated observations of their wonderful scenery that kept changing all year round. Section B: Translate the following underlined part of the English text into Chinese（原 文）　　The thirtysecond day out of Bombay began inauspiciously. In the morning a sea smashed one of the galley doors. We dashed in through lots of steam and found the cook very wet and indignant with the ship: She39。39。s getting worse every day. She39。39。s trying to drown me in front of my own stove! He was very angry. We pacified him, and the carpenter, though washed away twice from there, managed to repair the door. Through that accident our dinner was not ready till late, but it didn39。39。t matter in the end because Knowles, who went to fetch it, got knocked down by a sea and the dinner went over the side. The ship39。39。s captain, looking more hard and thinlipped than ever, would not notice that the ship, asked to do too much, appeared to lose heart altogether for the first time since we knew her.（參考譯文）　　出孟買灣之后的第32天開始就透著些許的不祥。清晨，海浪先是將一扇船門砸壞。我們冒著濃濃的霧氣沖了進(jìn)去，發(fā)現(xiàn)廚師渾身濕透，正在對(duì)這條船大發(fā)牢騷。它變得一天比一天不中用了。它愣是要想法子把我淹死在這爐灶前。他顯得異常的憤怒。我們?cè)O(shè)法讓他平靜下來(lái)，而木工盡管被海水沖走過兩次，但還是努力把門修好。由于發(fā)生了這一變故，我們的晚飯直到很晚才弄好，但這一點(diǎn)最終也變得無(wú)關(guān)緊要，因?yàn)榍叭N房端飯菜的Knowles被洶涌的波濤掀倒在地，飯菜順著船舷全都撒入海中。船長(zhǎng)臉上的表情變得愈發(fā)嚴(yán)峻，雙唇緊咬。他全然沒能意識(shí)到，整條船由于被要求去完成許多它力所不能及的任務(wù)，打從我們認(rèn)識(shí)它以來(lái)，首次出現(xiàn)了力不從心的跡象。Section A: Translate the following underlined part of the Chinese text into English（原 文）　　約翰施特勞斯的故居在一條大街上，是一座沿街的粉紅色的四層樓老公寓房子。施特勞斯曾住在這座房子二層樓上的兩套房間里，于1886年末到1867年初在這里譜寫了《藍(lán)色的多瑙河》這支名曲。那時(shí)他已經(jīng)42歲了，在維也納音樂界中負(fù)有盛名，但只是在這支樂曲問世以后，才奠定了他圓舞曲之王的地位。這座房子距多瑙河不遠(yuǎn)，步行約半個(gè)多小時(shí)，當(dāng)時(shí)還是一片大森林，施特勞斯常常穿過森林到河邊去散步，現(xiàn)在房屋已鱗次櫛比，成為熱鬧的大街了。（譯 文）　　The former residence of John Strauss is situated on a big street, inside an old pinkcolored fourstory apartment building along the street. Strauss lived in two suites on the second floor of this building in which he posed from the end of 1866 to the beginning of 1867 the famous The Blue Danube Waltz. At that time he was already 42 years old and enjoyed a high reputation within the musical circle of Vienna. However, it was not until the position of this melody that he became firmly established as the King of Waltz. The house in which he lived was not far away from the Danube River, which was within the reach of half an hour39。39。s walk. At that time, there was a huge forest between the river and his house and Strauss would frequently go through the forest to have a walk by the side of the river. Now the forest has been replaced by rows and rows of densely adjacent houses and buildings, turning the place into noisy streets.Section B: Translate the following underlined part of the English text into Chinese.（原 文）　　Though fond of many acquaintances, I desire an intimacy only with a few. The Man in Black, whom I have often mentioned, is one whose friendship I could wish to acquire, because he possesses my esteem. His manners, it is true, are tinctured with some strange inconsistencies, and he may be justly termed a humorist in a na