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,表由哪些部分構(gòu)成整體。如:Twelve months constitute a year.(一年有十二個(gè)月。) 4 considerable, considerate considerable 相當(dāng)多的,可觀的。如: He met a considerable amount of trouble.(他遇到了許多麻煩。) considerate 考慮周到的,體諒的。如: It was considerate of you not to trouble us.(你真體貼人,不打擾我們。) 4 consistent, constant, continual, continuous consistent一致的,符合的。如: His action is always consistent with his words. constant不斷的,表示持續(xù)和慣常的重現(xiàn),往往沒有變化。如: He attributes his health to his constant exercise. continual頻頻的,不停的,時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù),中 間可有間歇。如: Continual smoking is bad for health. continuous不斷延伸的,連續(xù)不斷的,強(qiáng)調(diào)中間無間斷。如: Everything in the universe undergoes continuous development and change. 4 cost/take/spend/pay cost (vt.)花費(fèi):指花費(fèi)金錢、勞力和時(shí)間。主語(yǔ)通常是事或物,可跟雙賓語(yǔ)。 take (vt.) 花費(fèi):指花費(fèi)時(shí)間。主語(yǔ)通常是一件事,也可以跟 雙賓語(yǔ)。 spend (vt.) 花費(fèi):指花費(fèi)時(shí)間和金錢,主語(yǔ)總是人??梢孕纬?spend?on sth./in doing sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)。 pay (vt.amp。vi.) 付錢,后面可以跟雙賓語(yǔ),也可以當(dāng)不及物動(dòng)詞使用,形成pay for 。比較: Electricity will cost more than it did last year. It will take me two days to finish the work. In the past few years the factory spent a lot of money improving its working conditions. Dick’s uncle has to pay for his education as his father has e down in the world. 4 crack, crash crack(使)破裂,砸開。如: I can crack it, but I can’t break it. (我能把它弄裂,但不能把它弄破。) crash摔壞, 墜毀。如: The plane crashed shortly after the takeoff.(飛機(jī)起飛不久就墜毀了。) 50、 cure, treat cure 治愈,醫(yī)治。如: The medicine will cure of your disease.(這藥能治好你的病。) cure表示治好, treat只表示 “ 給 ?? 治病 ” 。 5 current, present 均可表 “ 現(xiàn)在 ” , “ 目前 ” 。 current 強(qiáng)調(diào)在現(xiàn)階段正在流行,通用,但不一定是最新的。如: current English (當(dāng)代英語(yǔ) ) present 為常用詞,指現(xiàn)在正在通用的,在時(shí)間上比 current 的范圍更窄。如: What’s your present address? (你現(xiàn)住址是哪里?) 5 custom, habit 均可表習(xí)慣。 custom為正式用詞,多指社團(tuán)或人們的習(xí)慣行為方式。 habit 為常用詞,多指?jìng)€(gè)人因多次重復(fù)而形成做某事的趨勢(shì)或意愿。如: He has the bad habit of biting his nails.(他有咬手指的壞習(xí)慣。) 5 damage。 destroy。 ruin 這三個(gè)詞都有“破壞;損壞”的意思,區(qū)別如下: 216。 damage 意為“損壞、破壞”。它可用于表示損壞或破壞具體的物品,一般暗示損壞后價(jià)值或效益會(huì)降低,這種損壞是部分性的,通常指損壞的程度不那么嚴(yán)重,還可以修復(fù)再用。也可用于表示損壞抽象的東西 ,有時(shí)該詞也用于借喻。如: The car was not damaged badly in the accident, but five people were seriously hurt. 汽車在事故中損壞不嚴(yán)重,但卻有五個(gè)人受了重傷。 Her heart was slightly damaged as a result of her long illness.長(zhǎng)期生病使她的心臟受到輕度損傷。 What they said and did damaged the relations between the two countries. 他們的言行損害了這兩個(gè)國(guó)家之間的關(guān)系。 Smoking has damaged his health badly. 吸煙嚴(yán)重地?fù)p害了他的健康。 216。 damage還可用作可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如: The earthquake did a lot of damages to the city.這場(chǎng)地震給這座城市帶來了巨大的破壞。 216。 destroy意為“破壞;摧毀;消滅;毀滅”,通常指程度非常嚴(yán)重的“毀壞”,一般情況下不可以修復(fù)再用。另外,它既可表示毀壞具體的物品,也可表示毀壞抽象的東西。如: The big fire destroyed the whole house. 這場(chǎng)大火把整座房子都燒毀了。 The Nazi wanted to destroy people39。s hopes, but in the end what was destroyed was the Nazi39。s dream by the power of people. 納粹想摧毀人民的希望,最終是納粹的夢(mèng)想被人民的力量所摧毀。 216。 ruin 多用于借喻之中,有時(shí)泛指一般性的破壞,指把某物損壞到了不能再使用的程度。如: My new coat is ruined.我的外套不能再穿了。 The rain will ruin the crops.這雨會(huì)把莊稼毀掉的。 I was ruined by that law case。 I39。m a ruined man我破產(chǎn)了。 5 dependent, independent dependent依賴的,依靠的( on, upon)。如: Success is dependent on your hard work. Independent 不依靠的,獨(dú)立的( of)。如: John was independent of his parents when he was still a child. 5 discover, invent discover發(fā)現(xiàn)。如: A coal mine has been discovered in that area. invent發(fā)明,創(chuàng)造。如: A kind of toothbrush has been invented to relieve toothache. 5 doubt/suspect doubt 意為懷疑某事是不可能或不真實(shí)的,肯定句中常跟 whether 或 if 引出的賓語(yǔ)從句,否定句和疑問句常跟 that 引出的賓語(yǔ)從句。翻譯成“不相信”比較恰當(dāng)。而 suspect 意為懷疑或認(rèn)為某件事是真的。常跟 that 引起的賓語(yǔ)從句。翻譯 成“猜想 ? 是真的”比較恰當(dāng)。試比較: I doubt whether he is a genius. 我看他未必是個(gè)天才。 Do you doubt that he is a genius? 你懷疑他是個(gè)天才嗎 ? I suspect that he is a genius. 我猜想他是個(gè)天才。 5 effective, efficient 均可表示 “ 有效的 ” 。 effective 常用以指物,強(qiáng)調(diào)能產(chǎn)生某種預(yù)期的效果。如: effective medicine, effective method 等。 efficient“ 效率高的 ” , “ 有能力的 ” ,用以指人或物,著重有效地利用時(shí)間、精力并取得預(yù)期效果。如: The German telephone system is highly efficient. (德國(guó)的電話系統(tǒng)效率很高。) 5 economic, economical economic 經(jīng)濟(jì)(學(xué))的。如: the economic doctrines of Ricardo(李嘉圖的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)說) economical節(jié)約的,節(jié)儉的。如: He is economical of money and time. 5 electric, electrical, electronic 三詞都與電有關(guān) electric著重于發(fā)電的,電動(dòng)的或?qū)щ姷摹H纾?electric generator(發(fā)電機(jī)); electric light(電燈) electrical 多指本身不產(chǎn)生電,但是與電有關(guān)的。如: electrical engineering(電機(jī)工程); an electrical transcription(廣播唱片) electronic 電子的,電子操作的。如: electronic engineering( 電子工程學(xué)) 60、 emergence, emergency emergence是 emerge 的名詞形式。 Emergency意為 “ 緊急情況 ” , “ 突然事件 ” 。 6 everyday, every day everyday每日的,日常的(作定語(yǔ))。如: This morning exercise has bee my everyday routine. every day每天(作狀語(yǔ))。如: She gets up early every day. 6 endure, bear, stand, tolerate, withstand 都表忍受,忍耐。 bear忍受,容忍,指忍受使人悲痛、煩惱或痛苦的事情。如: It is hard to bear to be laughed at.(被人取笑是難以忍受的。) endure忍耐,書面語(yǔ),指長(zhǎng)時(shí)間經(jīng)受痛苦而不屈服。如: It takes patience to endure hardships. 忍受苦難需要耐力。) stand忍受,與 bear同義,但較口語(yǔ)化。如: She can’t stand having nothing to do.(沒事干,她受不了 。) tolerate容忍,容許,指自我克制的態(tài)度,對(duì)于令人反感的事沒有任何抗議。如: I can’t tolerate him if he goes on like that. (他如果繼續(xù)這樣下去的話,我決不會(huì)容忍他。) withstand經(jīng)受,承受,指頂住外來的壓力和攻勢(shì)。如: They have withstood all test.(他們經(jīng)受了一切考驗(yàn)。) 6 error, mistake, fault, shorting 均表 “ 缺點(diǎn) ” , “ 錯(cuò)誤 ” 。 error是通用詞,指任何錯(cuò)誤, “ 犯錯(cuò)誤 ” 可 以說 mit /make an error。 mistake指判斷或理解方面,或指因考慮不周而造成的錯(cuò)誤,搭配是 make a mistake。 fault 表示 “ 過失 ” ,可與 error 通用,現(xiàn)多用來指缺點(diǎn),特指缺乏某要素因而不完美。如: There is a fault in this machine.(這臺(tái)機(jī)器有一處毛病。)構(gòu)成短語(yǔ) find fault with挑剔,找毛病。 shorting 缺點(diǎn),可指人或事物的本質(zhì)上不足之處(常用復(fù)數(shù))。如: In spite of his shortings, I still like him.(盡管他缺點(diǎn)多,我仍然喜歡他。) 6 especially, particularly, specially 均可表 “ 特別地 ” 。 especially 一般表示某事物在意義、程度、重要性性超過其他事物。如: I love Italy, especially in summer.(我喜歡意大利,尤其在夏天。) particularly往往著重說明與同類事物不同的個(gè)別事物。如: The visitors admired his paintings, but particularly the portrait of his daughter.(來訪者贊賞他所有的繪畫,特別是他女兒的畫像。) specially 多表示 “ 專門地 ” , “ 為特別目的的地 ” ,如表 “ 不尋常 ” , “ 過分 ” 等,可與 especially 通用。如: I m