【正文】 以引發(fā)人們的思考，而且描述很準(zhǔn)確。 比如學(xué)習(xí)孔子的思想 Confucius，很難通過一個(gè)電視節(jié)目講出它的精髓，需要自己通過閱讀與思考去領(lǐng)悟。 ，過去的檔案資料都是用書本紀(jì)錄的。 Archive from books is more flexible。 we can decide when and where to learn. (電視節(jié)目只能固定時(shí)間地點(diǎn)看， radio 雖然可以 portable，但是時(shí)間受限 ) 書可以重復(fù)閱讀，不同的時(shí)候會(huì)有不同的理解。 很多人有這樣的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，小時(shí)候度過的小說也許并不理解作者的思想，但是后來重看會(huì)有更深的體會(huì)。 ，網(wǎng)上的 ebook 也是一種書，類似的效果。 38. In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books. a) 電視媒體有很多有點(diǎn)。 documenting and conveying temporal, spatial events and experiences。 比如通過電視節(jié)目來了解動(dòng)物的生活習(xí)性， 或者表現(xiàn)山川河流的壯觀景色 來吸引游客。 Thus the speaker39。s claim has some merit when it es to arts education and to learning about modern and current ，很難及時(shí)通過書來了解，電視提供了便利的條件。 比如在大選期間，人們通過電視很容易了解候選人的政治主張，如果用書來，很難同樣的效果 b) 但是對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)抽象的理論和哲學(xué)，人們需要深刻的思考。而閱讀書籍可以引發(fā)人們的思考，而且描述很準(zhǔn)確。 比如學(xué)習(xí)孔子的思想 Confucius，很難通過一個(gè)電視節(jié)目講出它的精髓，需要自己通過閱讀與思考去領(lǐng)悟。 c) 書籍其 他有點(diǎn)。便于攜帶，隨時(shí)隨地可以閱讀。不詳電視只能固定地點(diǎn)收看。 而且書可以重復(fù)閱讀，不同的 時(shí)候 會(huì)有不同的理解。 很多人有這樣的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，小時(shí)候度過的小說也許并不理解作者的思想，但是后來重看會(huì)有更深的體會(huì)。 d) 不能忽略電視的缺點(diǎn)，電視節(jié)目追求的收視率 audience rating，利潤，而不是讓人們獲得知識(shí)。 于是庸俗的電視劇會(huì)更多的占據(jù)電視的時(shí)間，迎合人們本能而不是理智。比如電視中的暴力，色情內(nèi)容，反而有害。 ? 讀書的意義在于需要讀者的大腦進(jìn)行工作 （ require the brain of the reader to work)， 對(duì)文字的想像和理解可以活躍大腦（ exercise）， 培養(yǎng)人們更好的思維能力。書籍通過強(qiáng)迫讀者思考而增強(qiáng)腦力。 ? 而電視是一種具有誘惑力的娛樂形式（ seductive），廣告絞盡腦汁賺錢（ thrive on advertising），教育節(jié)目收視率低，不動(dòng)腦筋的（ inane game show）娛樂節(jié)目和情景劇（ situation edy）富有吸引力。 ? The true importance of reading is in the fact that it requires the brain of the reader to work. Imagination and prehension of the written word exercises the mind， leaving the person with a better ability to think. ? Television is so seductive as a form of entertainment. Most of the criticism aimed at television is due to the lack of any educational content in most of its programs. In general, people prefer to watch what some call “mindless” entertainment rather than a television program that actually teaches them something. ? Television works thrive on advertising dollars and situation edy or inane game show. Books have a strong power to fire the imagination of young and old in ways that television cannot. 233 Although innovations such as video, puters, and the Inter seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning. 同意。 。用 power point 教學(xué)，下載各種資料，信息更充足，用 laptop 記筆記代替了筆記本，更加方便。 。例如 live，電腦游戲， video tape 。大一不讓帶電腦，等過一段時(shí)間成熟了，更能 selfcontrol,更重要的是思想教育。 205 As societies all over the world have more and more access to new information, the effects on lifelong learning can only be positive. 1. 人們對(duì)于社會(huì)的責(zé)任，和這個(gè)競爭激烈的社會(huì)的需求。 2. Knowledge is changing at a incredible pace, and it is necessary for anyone to keep abreast with these changes. There are a lot of universities enroll aged people. 并且人們有好奇心。 ，延緩大腦的衰老，使他們更有活力。同時(shí)有助于這個(gè)社會(huì)營造一種積極氣氛。下一代的教育。 1 We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people 9 whose views contradict our own。 disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning. Getting on with people who share the similar views of you is much easier, of course, than debating with those whose views contradict your own. However, one fact can’t be omitted is that both the tow kinds of people will contribute to our learning, with the former leading us to an advanced level while the later saving us from a narrower path of thought. It is the sharing of views that gives us more confidence and an agreeable munication, which can both encourage and satisfy us, so that we are much more willing to listen and also to learn. On the one hand， people are at least easier to understand each other when they find them sharing the same ground in most cases. As a result， we might learn more from people whose views we share. Though disagreement can, in some cases, cause disfort or even conflicts, yet it is undoubtedly insensible to e to the conclusion that we should stay away from the individuals who disagree with us. Without a dissenter, we are more likely to get caught up in a narrower path of thinking, thus improving the possibilities of making wrong decision. On the other hand, it cannot be inferred that disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning. Throughout the human intellectual history， it is always the different schools of thought that bine to boost the human scientific and technological progress. In conclusion, when we hope to acquire more, we should learn from people sharing views of our own, as well as those dissenting from us. Only by learning from both of the two kinds, can we make progress in our study. 122. We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed, but to people who have disagreed. （同上） 4 No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study.平衡 a) 不可否認(rèn)，許多基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科的發(fā)展主要的成果都是源自內(nèi)在的創(chuàng)造， 倫琴 roentgen 發(fā)現(xiàn)了 X 射線，魏格納提出了板塊學(xué)說和漂移學(xué)說。 b) 但是，一個(gè)領(lǐng)域的研究可以 借鑒 其它領(lǐng)域的成果而取得巨大的進(jìn)步 ， 當(dāng) 數(shù)學(xué)家 mathematician John Nash 把數(shù)學(xué)的思想用來解釋經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象后，當(dāng)代的經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域發(fā)生巨大的變化 ， 很多 Nobel 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主是數(shù)學(xué)家； 還有用于政治。 c) 隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)和社會(huì)的發(fā)展各個(gè)不同領(lǐng)域之間常?；ハ嘤?響，新的交叉學(xué)科應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，不但促進(jìn)了原有領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展還具有很高的新起點(diǎn)。（化學(xué)和生物的交叉產(chǎn)生了生化 biochemistry，促進(jìn)了近代臨床科學(xué) clinic medicine 的發(fā)展，如人造骨骼 artificial bones 的應(yīng)用 ，政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) ） 隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展，越來越多的交叉學(xué)科出現(xiàn)，各個(gè)學(xué)科的發(fā)展需要多方面的知識(shí)。如計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)科需要多種數(shù)學(xué)啊，藝術(shù)的知識(shí)； d) 盡管很少 ，仍有一些學(xué)科相對(duì)獨(dú)立。 例：數(shù)學(xué)有自己的理論體系 (system info)，基本依靠計(jì)算 (calculation)、邏輯推理(logic ratiocinate) e) 總之，其它領(lǐng)域的成果對(duì)該領(lǐng)域進(jìn)步的促進(jìn)遠(yuǎn)大于其帶來的不利影響，應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)各個(gè)領(lǐng)域之間的相互交流。 10. 學(xué)習(xí)課程： 80. All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science. 1. basic science knowledge is useful and even necessary in everyday life. 2. The skill of science would be a steppingstone to other subject. Scientific views and methods can be applied to other areas such as literature, music, art and so on. Aristotle, take the Italian universal genius Leonardo Da Vinci as an instance. As we know, he is famous for his masterly paintin