【正文】 connect the clause to the preceding sentence ? Verb tenses ? Present tense to describe current states of affairs, circumstances ? Past tense to describe pleted actions, past circumstances Some mon writing and style issues 34 Some mon writing and style issues Mostly language (grammar, syntax, and spelling) problems ? Spelling problems ? Homographs: words spelled the same, sound different, different meaning Examples: lead (guide, metal)。 bass (voice, fish)。 does (performs, deer) ? Homophones: spelled differently, sound the same, different meaning Ex: read/reed。 by/buy。 sight/site/cite。 rain/rein/reign。 there/their/they’re ? Confusable words Ex: affect/effect, advice/advise, adapt/adopt, and many more! ? Words with multiple meanings Ex: knot, bank, fine ? Irregular verbs (is, was, were。 go, went) ? Irregular noun plurals: mouse, mice (but not house, hice) ? Phonemic spelling (“meens” for “means?！?“fotograph” for “photograph”) ? Typos: missing letters, letters in the wrong order, added letters ? A word may be correct in one context and misspelled in another ? Spell checkers will not catch those! 35 Some mon writing and style issues Mostly language (grammar, syntax, and spelling) problems ? Figures of speech, slang, allusions, idioms, neologisms ? Figures of speech: metaphors, similes – intrinsically ambiguous ? Example: “Replication is the lifeblood of science” ? In what ways might this be true or false? ? Slang: ambiguous, because it depends on time and place ? Allusions: ambiguous, because they assume relevant knowledge ? Idioms: ambiguous, because they are often culturallydependent ? Neologisms: invented words not easily understood ? Undefined abbreviations, acronyms 36 Some mon writing and style issues Mostly style problems ? Reference citation placement – often unclear connections to content ? Reference formats – in the text, in the reference list ? Paragraph indentation – usually at least a centimeter ? Hedged words (in quotation marks) – lead to ambiguous readings ? Inclusive, nonsexist language – being the mon usage ? Text justification – prefer flushleft ? Nested, backtoback parentheses – generally, don’t use this format ? Numbers to begin sentences use number words 37 Some mon writing and style issues Mostly logical problems ? Problem words: cause, prove ? Anthropomorphizing nouns (., “the results found that…”) ? Pilot study vs. pretest ? Ambiguous synonyms – use the same word for the same concept 38 General tips for improving your writing Writers write It isn’t easy for anyone! …even native speakers …even professional writers YOU ARE IN GOOD COMPANY! Build regular, specific writing time into your schedule Outlines help keep your writing projects on track If it39。s important to you, you39。ll do it 39 General tips for improving your writing Writers revise…and revise…and revise NEVER, EVER SUBMIT A FIRST DRAFT! Even for skillful writers, good enough ISN39。T! Don’t depend on the journal editor to polish your writing – submit your BEST BUT DO GET HELP AS YOU NEED IT …from sympathetic colleagues …from professional editing services I rewrote the ending of Farewell to Arms, the last page of it, 39 times before I was satisfied. Ernest Hemingway 40 Writers study writing Study grammar, spelling, sentence structure, anization, etc., etc. Build your vocabulary Study great writing – beyond reading it, ask what makes it great as writing General tips for improving your writing 41 General tips for improving your writing Writers share their writing Be willing to take constructive criticism Ask colleagues to read and discuss your writing with you Volunteer to read their work in return Use editorial services for special assistance Writers talk to readers Here, I have in mind potential editors and reviewers Bee known to your research munity – NETWORK! Writers think like readers Take the perspective of your intended reader when you write Particularly important for multidisciplinary journals 聯(lián)系我們 42 Email: 電話： 02133311101， 02134243335， 02134243363 傳真： 02151062021 網(wǎng)址： 地址： 上海市斜土路 2601弄嘉匯廣場 T1幢 31樓 CD座 07室 郵政編碼： 202030