【導讀】–楊達復,濮建忠,何安平(2020a,2020b),華南師范大學外國語學院,衛(wèi)乃興,

　　

【正文】 ves English vs. Chinese passives (4) ? Chinese passives are more frequently used with an inflictive meaning – Chinese passives were used at early stages primarily for unpleasant or undesirable events (bei, “suffer”) ? Marking negative pragmatic meanings is not a basic feature of the English passive norm (be passives) – Getpassives sometimes (% of the time) refer to undesirable events ? Chinese learners are more likely to use English passives for undesirable situations 1 5 . 0 %5 1 . 5 %8 0 . 3 %3 7 . 8 %4 . 7 % 1 0 . 7 %0%20%40%60%80%100%E n g l i s h b e p a s s i v e s C h i n e s e b e i p a s s i v e sL a n g u a g ePercentN e g a t i v e N e u t ra l P o s i t i v eInterlanguage of Chinese learners ? CLEC (learn data): the Chinese Learner English Corpus – One million words – Essays – Five proficiency levels (high school students and university students) – Fully annotated with learner errors using a tagset of 61 error types clustered in 11 categories ? LOCNESS (control data): the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays – ca. 300,000 words – Essays – British ALevel children and British and American university students ? Roughly parable in terms of task type, learner age and sampling period Underuse of passives Corpus Words Passives Frequency per 100K words LL score p value CLEC 1,070,602 9,711 907 LL= . p LOCNESS 324,304 5,465 1,685 Long vs. short passives ? As can be expected from the contrastive analysis, in parison with native English writing, long passives are more frequent in Chinese learner English – Long passives in CLEC ? %: 888 out of 9,711 – Long passives in LOCNESS ? %: 461 out of 5,465 ? ...the difference is marginal and not statistically significant – LL=, 1 ., p= Pragmatic meanings ? Passives are more frequently negative in Chinese learner English – CLEC ? Negative: % ? Positive: % ? Neutral: % – LOCNESS ? Negative: % ? Positive: % ? Neutral: % – LL=, 2 ., p= ? Consistent with earlier finding (% vs. 15%) 2 5 . 7 %1 6 . 8 %6 8 . 4 %7 8 . 8 %5 . 9 % 4 . 4 %0%20%40%60%80%100%C L EC L O C N ESSC o r p u sPercent Po s i t i v eN e u t ra lN e g a t i v ePassive errors vs. learner levels 050100150200250S T 2 S T 3 S T 4 S T 5 S T 6Frequency per 200,000 wordsLe a r ne r l e v e lA u x . e rr o rsM i s f o rm a t i o nM i s u s eU n d e ru s eA l l e rr o r t y p e sError types vs. learner levels ? Error types are associated with learner levels when the dataset is taken as a whole – LL=, 12 ., p ? But similar learner groups also show similar error types – ST2 ST3: statistically significant (LL=, 3 ., p) – ST3 ST4: not significant (LL=, 3 ., p=) – ST4 ST5: statistically significant (LL=, 3 ., p) – ST5 ST6: not significant (LL=, 3 ., p=) ST2 ST3/ST4 ST5/ST6 (High (Junior/Senior (Junior/Senior school nonEnglish English major students) major students) students) Underuse errors ? Likely to be a result of L1 transfer, as can be predicted from results of crosslinguistic contrast and confirmed by the learnernative corpus parison ? Typically occur with verbs whose Chinese equivalents are not normally used in passives, . – A birthday party will hold in Lily’s house. (ST2) – The woman in white called Anne Catherick. (ST5) ? Also occur under the influence of the Chinese topic sentence – The supper had done. (ST2) 晚飯 *bei 做好 了 supper *PASS cookready ASP topic ment Misuse errors ? 1) Intransitive verbs used in passives, . – A very unhappy thing was happened in this week. (ST2) – I was graduated from Zhongshan University (ST5) ? 2) Misuse of ergative verbs, . – …the secince sic science is developed quickly (ST4) ? 3) Training transfer (overdone passive training in classroom instructions), . – …many machine sic machines and appliance sic appliances are used electricity as power (ST5) – Because they have been mastered everything of this job… (ST4) Misformation errors ? Possibly a result of L1 interference ? Related to morphological inflections – Passivised verbs do not inflect in Chinese ? Chinese learners tend to use uninflected verbs or misspelt past participles in passives, . – His relatives can not stop him, because his choice is protect by the laws. (ST6) – Since the People’s Republic of china sic China was found on October 1, 1949… (ST2) Auxiliary errors ? Related to omission and misuse of auxiliaries ? A result of L1 interference – Auxiliaries are not a salient linguistic feature in Chinese ? Chinese is not a morphologically inflectional language ? Chinese learners tend to omit or misuse auxiliaries in passives, . – In China, since the new China sic was established, people’s life has goten sic gotten better and better. (ST3) – I am not a smoker, but why do sic are we forced to be a secondhand smoker? (ST5) Case study summary ? The learner’s performance in interlanguage can be predicted, diagnosed, and accounted for from the perspective of Contrastive Corpus Linguistics ? The integrated approach that bines contrastive analysis (CA) and contrastive interlanguage analysis (CIA) is an indispensable tool in SLA research – Granger (1998: 14): ‘if we want to be able to make firm pronouncements about transferrelated phenomena, it is essential to bine CA and CIA approaches.’ ? 語料庫與語言教育 . 中國外語教育 2020(5) ? 語料庫在語言教學中的運用 . 浙江大學學報 (人文社科版 ) 2020(6) Lab: semantic prosody and DDL