【導(dǎo)讀】sactivity. second(synthesis).Nida?Whereistheford?Inwhatlanguage?Inwhatlanguage?one?theterm“situationalmodel”derivesfrom).andtheTL.

　　

【正文】 g worded, the linguistic signs available for it have to be arranged in a linear order, in which the elements can be anized into different structures. The message of the roof having to be mended can be conveyed by various utterances: The roof should be repaired。 It is to be mended。 The roof wants mending。 Why not mend the roof? 1/ The level of linguistic signs: In utterances of similar structures different words can be used: The roof should be mended. The roof ought to be fixed. Linguistic Models of the Translation Process XXX Levels of transfer in Komissarov’s theory IV ? The production of a text is the result of numerous decisions. The sender can choose one of the situations available for the desired goal of munication. To describe the selected situation he chooses one of the messages. To formulate the selected message one of the several utterances is chosen and a selection of the linguistic signs available is made. ? The prehension of a text: the receiver covers the same way in the opposite direction, ., starts from the linguistic signs and reaches the sender?s municative goal. ? The translator, both a receiver and a sender, covers both ways. In the analysis phase he proceeds from the linguistic signs to the goal of munication, whereas in the synthesis phase he proceeds from the goal of munication to the linguistic signs. Linguistic Models of the Translation Process XXXI Levels of transfer in Komissarov’s theory V ? Thus, the selection of the TL equivalent is determined by the goal of munication, irrespective of what situation, message, utterance or linguistic signs it is expressed by in the SL, even if one?s linguistic behaviour is described, for example, if a character has a foreign accent. The fact that someone pronounces the consonant /r/ in a French manner can be translated only with words containing this consonant. The following example is a frequently quoted translation error: “211。, de boldog vagyok, hogy elj246。tt – mondta a gr243。fn? franci225。san ropogtatva az reket.” (I’m so happy you’ve e, said the countess, crunching the rs like the French do) ? The level of situation: can also exclude the equivalence of all the other lower levels. Vigy225。zat, m225。zolvaI in E: Wet paint! irrespective of how it is structured in H. Linguistic Models of the Translation Process XXXII Levels of transfer in Komissarov’s theory VI ? The level of message: excludes lower level equivalents, ., if you are to fort someone by saying Cheer up! Chin up! Don’t lose heart!, it can only be translated into H Ne l243。gasd az orrod! ? The level of utterance determines the formulation of the TL equivalent of an E passive in H: The doctors were puzzled by the fact... Az orvosok rejt233。lyesnek tal225。lt225。k a t233。nyt..., his meals were brought to him in bed...a kosztot 225。gyba hordt225。k neki...(Heller: Catch 22, A 22es csapd225。ja). ? The level of linguistic signs allows no choice in the translation of international anisations which have a constant equivalent in the TL (ENSZUNO). Linguistic Models of the Translation Process XXXIII Levels of transfer in Komissarov’s theory VII Advantages and disadvantages of the equivalence level model 1/ Advantages: gives a more nuanced picture of the work of a translator, who pursues various strategies at the same time. 2/ On the other hand, he idealizes the translator?s work saying that in the phase of analysis the translator always covers all the steps from the level of linguistic signs to that of the goal of munication, and some of this trouble can be spared only if the selection of the TL equivalent is determined by the goal of munication or the situation, which are “higher levels”. 3/ In reality, translators translate elements, as a rule, at the level of linguistic signs and step a stage higher only if setting up equivalents at this level meets with some unexpected difficulty. Linguistic Models of the Translation Process XXXIV Summary ? The translator is constantly moving to and fro between the two languages, is constantly relating the SL and TL signs to each other and reality. Once the TL equvalent has been found, the understanding of the SL text may be made easier, however, it can also lead to misunderstanding. ? The deeper the translation grasps the SL text, the more TL versions that have already been found may be rejected by him. The translation process can, perhaps, be best described as the simultaneous functioning of the two languages. The linguistic models of translation contribute to a better understanding of this plicated process