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【正文】 r prices. 2021/11/10 華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)院 劉海云 37 Effect of Trade on the Distribution of Ine. ? E. g. developed nations case and developing nations case and the policy implication. ? empirical Relevance Sometimes, it is more realistic to say that international trade has reduced, rather than pletely eliminated, the international difference in the returns to homogeneous factors. 2021/11/10 華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)院 劉海云 38 the Leontief Paradox ? The first empirical test of the HO model was conducted by Wassily Leontief. ? For this test, Leontief utilized the inputoutput table of the . economy to calculate the amount of labor and capital in a representative bundle of $1 million worth of . exports import substitutes for the year 1947. 2021/11/10 華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)院 劉海云 39 the Leontief Paradox ? The results of the test were startling, . import substitutes were about 30 percent more K intensive than . exports. —— Leontief paradox ? Explanations of the Leontief paradox 2021/11/10 華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)院 劉海云 40 Explanations of the Leontief paradox ? 1. Skilled Labor Theory (Leontief) Since in 1947 . labor was about three times as productive as foreign labor, the United States was really an Labundant nation to . import substitutes. 2021/11/10 華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)院 劉海云 41 Explanations of the Leontief paradox ? 2. Human Capital Theory (P. B. Kenen) Human capital refers to the education, job training, and health embodied in workers, which increase their productivity. The implication is that since . labor embodies more human capital than foreign labor, adding the human capital ponent to physical capital would make . exports more K intensive relative to . import substitutes. 2021/11/10 華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)院 劉海云 42 2021/11/10 華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)院 劉海云 43 Explanations of the Leontief paradox ? 3. Theory of Technological Gap (, W. Gruber, R. Vernon) Technology is the result to invest in Ramp。D, and is also one kind of production factor. Of course there exist parative technology advantages for the technology gap among nations. 2021/11/10 華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)院 劉海云 44 FactorIntensity Reversal ? Factorintensity reversal refers to the situation where a given modity is the Lintensive modity in the Labundant nation and the Kintensive modity in the Kabundant nation. 2021/11/10 華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)院 劉海云 45 FactorIntensity Reversal ? Illustration of FactorIntensity Reversal 2021/11/10 華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟學(xué)院 劉海云 46
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